3.  Economic disaster, poor nation  Resentment against foreign enemies or former friends who betrayed you  Parliamentary chaos, weak government  National dreams of world power, nostalgia  Middle class and upper class seeking security  Famine, epidemics  Urban strikes, rural uprisings  The desire for unity among the people

5.  Offer security and direction  Blame some minority or foreign group repeatedly for nation’s problems  Take over cities  Use violence against persons and presses  Strict party discipline  National network  Associate self with leader of revolution

7.  March on Rome, accept invitation to head government  Gain promotion within party  Use symbols, propaganda  Appeal to voters  Convince legislative body to grant emergency powers

9.  Intimidate to secure votes  Arrest enemies  End free press  Secret police  Ally with Church (anti-Communist, social control)  Ally with big business (stability, privileges)  Control bureaucracy; party becomes government  Control key businesses  Create fantastical Leader

10.  Go get empire, living space  Ally with other totalitarian regime  Force industrialization  Confiscate lands, control farming  Promote parties in other countries  Purge, purge, and purge again  Autarky, self-sufficiency

12.  Control the youth  Reward motherhood  Eliminate threats, undesirables

13.  Read chapter 27: consider  In what ways was Europe broken?  How did totalitarian regimes come to power (including Franco in Spain)?  What conditions were different in France and Britain that allowed democracy to survive?