2. AP US History
Cold War: Eisenhower

4. Who spearheaded Truman’s foreign policy?
Candy Question!
Who spearheaded Truman’s foreign policy?

5. Answer
Dean Atchison

6. Who spearheaded Eisenhower’s foreign policy?
Candy Question!
Who spearheaded Eisenhower’s foreign policy?

7. Answer
John Foster Dulles

8. Eisenhower and the Cold War
Eisenhower used experienced diplomat John Foster Dulles to spearhead his foreign policy
Dulles believed Truman’s containment policy was too passive
He advocated a policy of challenging the USSR and China
He declared if the US pushed communist powers to the brink of war they would back down because of nuclear superiority-the idea was known as “brinkmanship”

9. Massive Retaliation
Dulles advocated placing greater reliance on nuclear and air power
The idea was to get “more bang for your buck”-spend less money on conventional forces and more on destructive forces
To some the policy looked like “mutually assured destruction” rather than a deterrent

10. Unrest in the Third World
The collapse of colonial empires after WWII may have been the single most important development of the postwar era
These new third world countries often lacked stable political and economic institutions and their need for foreign aid made them pawns the the US or USSR

11. Covert Operations
Part of Eisenhower’s new look foreign policy involved covert operations in other countries
Using operatives was less expensive and objectionable than using troops

12. Candy Question!
In the early 1950’s, what two countries did the CIA heavily use covert operations in?

13. Answer
Iran & Guatemala

14. Two Examples of Covert Operations
In Iran in 1953 the CIA played a major role in helping to overthrow a government that tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies-in return, the west was provided favorable oil prices and Iran made enormous purchases of American arms
In Guatemala in 1954 the CIA overthrew a leftists gov’t that threatened American business interests
US opposition to communism sometimes drove the gov’t to support ruthless dictators particularly in South America

15. Fall of Indochina After WWII the French tried to re-acquire Indochina
Cambodians and Vietnamese resisted and supported nationalist and communist leader Ho Chi Minh
By 1950 the war had become a staging ground for the struggle between capitalism and communism
The French suffered a crushing defeat at Dien Bien Phu
Indochina was divided into the countries of Cambodia Laos, and Vietnam at the Geneva Conference in 1954

16. Division of Vietnam
By the terms of the Geneva Conference (1954), Vietnam was to be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel until general elections could be held
The North was led by Ho Chi Minh and the South by Ngo Dinh Diem-they were backed by anticommunist, catholic, and urban Vietnamese
The election was never held mainly because the South feared the communists would win the election

17. Division of Vietnam
From , the US gave over $1 billion in economic and military aid to South Vietnam
In justifying this president Eisenhower made the analogy to a row of dominoes-if one fell, it would create a chain reaction and most or all of Asia and Australia would fall

18. Candy Question!
What defensive organization was formed to stop the spread of Communism in Asia?

19. Answer
SEATO

20. What does SEATO stand for?
Candy Question!
What does SEATO stand for?

21. South East Treaty Organization
Answer
South East Treaty Organization

22. SEATO
To prevent the “fall” to communism, of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, Dulles put together a regional defense pact called the Southeast Asia Treaty organization
The pact agreed to defend one another in case of an attack within the region
It was signed by the US, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan

23. SEATO

24. Candy Question!
In the Middle East, the United States had to engage in a “balancing act”. What two things did they have to balance?

25. Answer
The U.S. had to retain friendly relationships with Arab oil producing countries while assisting Israel.

26. Middle East
In the Middle East the US had the difficult balancing act of maintaining friendly ties with oil-rich Arab states with supporting the new country of Israel (1948)

27. Suez Crisis (1956)
In order to gain funds for the Aswan High Dam project, Egyptian nationalist General Gamal Nasser seized and nationalized the British-French owned Suez canal
Britain, France, and Israel carried out a surprise attack on Egypt and retook the canal
Eisenhower was furious partly because he was not informed of the attack
He sponsored a UN resolution condemning the attack
The forces withdrew under mounting world pressure

28. Ongoing Controversy in the Middle East

29. Eisenhower Doctrine
The US quickly replaced Britain and France as the leading western influence in the Middle East
It faced a growing Soviet influence in Egypt and Syria (the USSR had provided Egypt with funds for building the Aswan High dam)
The US pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism
The doctrine was first applied in Lebanon in ’58 by sending 14,000 marines to prevent a civil war between Christians and Muslims

30. US-Soviet Relations
In terms of security, nothing was more important than diplomatic relations with the USSR
Relations constantly fluctuated between periods of calm and extreme tension

31. Spirit of Geneva (1955)
After Stalin’s Death (1953) Ike called for a slowdown in the arms race
The USSR withdrew troops from Austria
Both Ike and Soviet Premier Bulganin agreed to meet in Geneva
Although no agreements were reached, the event was the first “thaw” in the Cold War and was dubbed “Spirit of Geneva” by the press

32. Hungarian Revolt
In October, 1956 a Hungarian uprising succeeded in overthrowing the Soviet backed gov’t
The new leaders encouraged getting out of the Warsaw Pact
The USSR sent tanks and troops and destroyed the uprising
The US did nothing

33. Effects of the Hungarian revolt
By allowing Soviet tanks to roll into Hungary, the US gave de facto recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
In effect, this recognition ended Dulles’ talk of liberating the region
The event also ended the first “thaw” in the Cold War

34. Sputnik
The USSR launched not one but two satellites into space, greatly alarming the US and calling their technological superiority into question
Many blamed the education system and in 1958 Congress passed the NDEA (National Defense and Education Act) to increase funding for science and foreign language education
In 1958 Congress also created NASA (National Air and Space Administration) to compete with the Soviets
Fears of nuclear war were intensified by Sputnik because nuclear missiles delivered from satellites could hit their target in minutes

35. Second Berlin Crisis (1958)
Bolstered by Sputnik, Soviet Premier Kruschev gave the West six months to pull out of West Berlin
Eisenhower refused but invited Kruschev to discuss the issue at Camp David and the crisis was put off

36. U-2 Incident US spy plane shot down USSR mad
Ike apologized/showed weakness
1960 Paris Summit called off

37. CUBA
Probably the most alarming development of the Cold War was the loss of Cuba to Communism
Fidel Castro took control and was supported by the Soviet USSR
Eisenhower responded by cutting all trade with Cuba
Ike also authorized the CIA to create a plan to train Cuban exiles to retake the island

38. Eisenhower’s Legacy
In his farewell address, Ike spoke out against the negative impact of the Cold War on US society
“The nation should guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence…by the “military industrial complex.”
To some, the US was going down the road of ancient republics such as Rome and turning into a military or imperial state

41. Cold War Timeline 1945 Yalta Conference German surrender
Atomic bombs used to defeat Japan
Creation of the United Nations
1946 "Iron Curtain" speech by Churchill
1947 Truman Doctrine for containment of communism
Marshall Plan: European Recovery Program
1948 Communist rule imposed on Czechoslovakia
Berlin blockade and airlift
Publication of Orwell's 1984
1949 Establishment of NATO
East Germany: German Democratic Republic
West Germany: German Federal Republic
Independence of Israel; Communist revolution in China
Soviet Union tests atomic bomb
Korean War
1953 Death of Stalin; Street protests in East Germany
1955 Warsaw Pact founded
1956 Khrushchev "secret speech"; anti-communist uprising in Hungary
1961 Construction of the Berlin Wall
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
1963 Kennedy speech at the Berlin Wall