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Cognitive Development
Chapter 7
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Does the child reason and remember the same way that you do
Does the child reason and remember the same way that you do? How do you know? If the answer to the first question is “no,” make a list of some of the specific differences between the way that you think and the way that the child thinks
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Three main approaches to cognitive development
Cognition – refers to the inner processes and products of the mind that lead to “knowing” Three main approaches to cognitive development Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Information processing
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Imagine: You are playing with a six-month-old infant and suddenly leave the room to answer the telephone. You take a four-year-old child’s small cup of juice and empty it into a larger cup. While trying to settle a fight over the TV between a seven-year-old and a 12-year-old, you flip a coin. The seven-year-old loses.
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Genetic epistemology What is intelligence? helps an organism adapt Cognitive equilibrium
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gaining Knowledge: Schemes and Processes Schemes: mental patterns (thought/action) Constructivist approach
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Adaptation Assimilation Accommodation Equilibration Organization
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Stage theory Invariant and Universal Order is genetically determined, but many factors affect the speed May not reach highest level Qualitatively different representational and reasoning abilities
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years) Coordinate sensory inputs and motor skills Transition from being reflexive to reflective
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Sensorimotor Stage Development of Object Permanence Objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible/detectable Appears by 8-12 months of age A-not-B error: search in the last place found, not where it was last seen Complete by months
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You are playing with a six-month-old infant and suddenly leave the room to answer the telephone.
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Two important features of mature thought symbolic/mental representation Intentionality Visual displacements Invisible displacements Defer imitation Make believe play
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Identifying Substages
Juan accidentally pushes his stuffed toy and it makes a noise as it is squeezed. Juan laughs and does it again, and again, and again. Linnea is sitting in her highchair. She holds her right arm high above her head and drops her spoon on the floor. Her mother giggles, picks it up, and hands it to her. Linnea then holds her right arm straight out from her body and drops her spoon. After her mother retrieves it, she holds her arm straight out in front of her and drops her spoon.
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Noelle wants to go outside to play
Noelle wants to go outside to play. She is carrying her cup of water in one hand and her doll (it goes everywhere with her) in the other. She realizes that she cannot push the door open because both of her hands are full. Consequently, she places her doll under her arm and uses her free hand to open the door. Lionel is watching his new little sister, Sybil, sleep. He notices that her burp cloth has fallen off the changing table and is near her face. He reaches down to remove the burp cloth and in doing so, the burp cloth gently brushes Sybil’s face. Sybil turns her head towards the burp cloth and opens her mouth.
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Kendall and her mother play a game where they touch each other’s noses and giggle. Kendall’s mother touches her nose and then Kendall touches her mother’s nose. One time, Kendall’s mother places a handkerchief between her face and Kendall’s face. Kendall swipes the handkerchief away with one hand and touches her mother’s face with the other. Isaac and his mother are playing a game of hide-and-seek. Isaac’s mother places his toy car under a pillow and Isaac giggles as he retrieves it. One time Isaac’s mother pretends to place the toy car under the pillow but instead places it under the blanket. Isaac picks up the pillow and becomes upset when he realizes that the car isn’t there.
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Phil is just lying on his back when he manages to grasp his foot
Phil is just lying on his back when he manages to grasp his foot. He smiles and lets go. His mother watches as he wiggles around until he manages to grasp his foot again.
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Challenges to Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage Neo-nativism – Innate knowledge Require less time/experience Object permanence, memory Baillargeon Object permanence
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Theory theories Combination of neo-nativist and Piagetian perspective Infants are prepared at birth to make sense of some information Beyond this, Piaget’s constructivist approach is generally accurate
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Characterized more by what children can’t do Operation Now mental what was once physical
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Preoperational Stage (con’t) Symbolic/ representational activity Make-believe play Thinking is rigid
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Preoperational Stage (con’t) Illogical schemes – transductive reasoning Egocentrism
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Preoperational Stage (con’t) Animism Four characteristics of thought Centered Perception bound Irreversibility Focus on states rather than transformations
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Preoperational Stage (con’t) You take a four-year-old child’s small cup of juice and empty it into a larger cup. What do you think will happen? Why? Hierarchical classification Class inclusion problem
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Preoperational Stage (con’t) Challenges to the Preoperational Stage Egocentrism Flavell Existence Need Inference Two levels of perspective taking Level 1 Level 2
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Preoperational Stage (con’t) Challenges Conservation Animism Categorization
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A Brief Vacation from Piaget…
Theory of Mind children begin to understand that the same world can be experienced in different ways by different people
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A Brief Vacation from Piaget…
Theory of Mind (con’t) the ability to infer mental states in others is proof that children have a theory of mind – which is a coherent understanding of their own and other’s mental lives Research with 2 y/o
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A Brief Vacation from Piaget…
Theory of mind (con’t) Henry Wellman (1990) False belief tasks
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A Brief Vacation from Piaget…
Theory of Mind (con’t) Harris (1989) suggests that the acquisition of a theory of mind involves three major developments: self-awareness the capacity for pretense the ability to distinguish reality from pretense
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…Back to Piaget… Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
logical, rule-bound, and integrated limited to tangible things Piaget regarded conservation as the single most important achievement of the concrete operational stage because it provides clear evidence of operations Decentration Reversibility
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Concrete Operational Stage (con’t) Horizontal decalage More adept at Classification Mental seriation Challenges – experience
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Formal Operational Stage (11+) no longer earthbound and concrete abstract and speculative While trying to settle a fight over the TV between a seven-year-old and a 12-year-old, you flip a coin. The seven-year-old loses. can now evaluate short and long range consequences necessary for achieving identity, formulating ideological goals, and for selecting an occupation
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Formal Operational Stage (con’t) Hypothetico-deductive reasoning Reflective thinking Interpropositional logic
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Formal Operational Stage (con’t) Limitations to Formal Operational Thought Adolescent Egocentrism Imaginary audience Personal fable
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Challenges to Piaget’s Theory
Underestimated children’s capabilities Failed to distinguish competence from performance Does cognitive development occur in stages? Does Piaget “explain” cognitive development? Little attention to social and cultural influences
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Strengths of Piaget’s Theory
Vivid and detailed description of cognitive development Highlight interactive nature of cognition and environment Children are active constructors of knowledge
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Vygotsky the child and the environment work together to shape cognition in culturally adaptive ways development proceeds through social interaction and entails gradual internalization of cultural knowledge and processes for manipulating thought
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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Language Piaget egocentric speech Vygotsky self-guidance and self-direction Private speech inner speech
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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Zone of proximal development Two important characteristics Intersubjectivity Scaffolding
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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Evidence for social origins of cognitive development?
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Vygotsky vs. Piaget? Agreed children are active constructors of knowledge Vygotsky’s wide variation of cognitive skills across cultures Piaget universal cognitive change
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Vygotsky vs. Piaget? Vygotsky’s theory doesn’t give us everything
Vygotsky placed a huge emphasis on language
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