1. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 1 So, Europe is split, but at least is not at war ….. The Disunited States of Europe?

2. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 2 Europe's Bloody Past ….. The Battle of Waterloo

3. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 3 1000 years of War in Europe

4. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 4 Statistics  10 million soldiers were killed; the flower of European youth.  This is the equivalent of 150 cities the size of Quimper.  Or the same as 312,500 classes the same size as yours.  Northern France is dotted with hundreds of vast cemeteries.  Thousands and thousands of men are buried in unmarked graves.  Millions of individual bones lie in vast ossuaries.  The generations that followed were scarred for life by the slaughter.  It was to have been "The war to end wars", so terrible was it. TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1

5. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 5 Verdun - 21 Feb 1916 – six-month attempt by Germans to ‘bleed the French army white’ - aim not to gain ground but to kill Frenchmen - on first day over 1,000,000 shells fell - in all, 500,000 men killed - in 5 months 70 of the 95 French divisions had passed through Verdun – only national pride prevented its fall Battles TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1

6. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 6 The Somme - six-month battle launched 1 July 1916 - mainly British supported by French - attack followed five-day bombardment - 20,000 men killed and 60,000 casualties on first day, more than the combined British deaths of the Crimean, Boer, and Korean wars - when British attacked the front-line troops were weighed down with equipment needed to last the whole day and to resist expected counter-attacks - men were ordered not to run forwards - they were sitting ducks for machine gunners - in all 650,000 men were lost for territorial gain of 8 kilometres - Germans lost approx 450,000 Many men spent weeks in trenches, only to die within seconds of going onto the attack. TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1

7. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 7 3rd Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) - 31 July 1916 - 6 weeks before battle 10,000 Germans were killed by mines laid in tunnels under their trenches - attack started after ten-day artillery bombardment - heavy rain turned battlefield into quagmire - many soldiers drowned in shell holes - 500,000 casualties for practically no gains Hundreds of vast cemeteries can be found all over Northern France TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1

8. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 8 Chemin des Dames - 21 April 1917 - six-week attack on well-defended German positions near Reims - 40,000 men lost on first day alone - 270,000 in total - territorial gains nil - attack’s failure led to total demoralisation of French army - between April & June 1917 mutinies occurred in 68 divisions = 66% of French army - 49 men were executed for desertion Americans - entered war April 1917 - in total lost 112,000 men in fighting - their vast resources made it clear to exhausted Germans that they could not win British Dominions - Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, India and Australia - lost 200,000 killed and 600,000 wounded - thousands of Sikh, Moslem and Hindu soldiers from India lie in French graves - from this followed creation of the British Commonwealth in 1926 - TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1

9. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 9 “The Soldier” (Rupert Brooke, 1917) If I should die, think only this of me That there's some corner of a foreign field That is for ever England. There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, A body of England's breathing English air, Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home. And think, this heart, all evil shed away, A pulse in the eternal mind, no less Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given; Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day; And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness, In hearts at peace, under an English heaven. TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1

10. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 10 The War's Effects  loss of millions of young men from France, Britain and Germany in particular... many among the most gifted and creative of their generation - less than 30% of French soldiers escaped death or physical injury... French population took many years to recover  the creation of a ‘burnt out’ generation of war-wounded men - there were 240,000 amputees in Britain alone - many men died later from their wounds - others suffered psychological wounds that have never healed to this day  the devastation of a large area of Northern France - the permanent disappearance of hundreds of villages  the collapse of Germany and the eventual rise of Hitler leading to the catastrophe of World War II  the rise of pacifism in Britain and France, which meant they could not understand Hitler and were unprepared for war in 1939 TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1

11. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 11  Russia lost nearly two million men on the eastern front  smaller countries - Serbia, Austria, Hungary and others - lost a higher proportion of their soldiers than did the major countries  Turkey forcibly deported from their homes over 1,000,000 Armenians - of these, over 500,000 died of torture, disease or starvation  the acceleration in Britain of the movement to give women the vote - while the men were in France, women showed they could work just as hard in all kinds of occupations  the economies of non-involved nations grew rapidly - Argentina, Brazil, China, India and Japan were starved of European finished goods and had to start producing their own  the end of the period of world domination by Europe - with the United States the main beneficiary - New York displaced London as the financial capital of the world – Hollywood gained a major boost from the war  the beginning of the end of the European colonial empires TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1 The War's Effects

12. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 12 The Aftermath  A harsh punishment and "reparations" were imposed on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles.  This led to economic depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler.  Weak western governments failed to stand up to him, eventually leading to the Second World War.  A spirit of pacifism had grown among the Allies, especially France.  This led to Hitler's rapid conquest of France in 1940.  Five terrible years of war followed, with much of Europe devastated. TheTerrible Legacy of World War 1 After WWI, nobody had believed another war could be possible in Europe, but WWII broke out a mere 21 years later …..

13. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 13 The Nature of the War  WWII characterized by unspeakable atrocities, germ warfare, enormous civilian casualties, genocide of 5 1/2 million European Jews, and the use of atomic bomb  estimates of death toll up to 60 million in total, of which 50% civilians  over 50 countries involved in one way or another  greatest human losses suffered by combatants and civilians of the Soviet Union and China. In the near two-and-a-half year siege of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) by the German forces, 1 1/2 million Russians alone died from shelling, bombing, disease and starvation  this figure exceeded all the military casualties of the U.S.A. and British Commonwealth combined World War II

14. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 14  Japanese torture and massacre of 300,000 civilians and the barbaric killing of war prisoners in the infamous Rape of Nanking  Nazis murder of 6,000,000 European Jews in the "Final Solution"  deaths of hundreds of thousands of slave laborers in the Japanese-held Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)  1,500,000 million deaths in Bengal as a consequence of war-related famine  mass dislocation and movement of refugees. In the immediate post-war period, millions of ethnic Germans were expelled from the liberated countries of eastern Europe, many of whom died in displaced-persons camps.  estimated 60,000,000 made homeless in China The Effects of World War II War Crimes & Disasters

15. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 15  millions of German and Japanese prisoners-of-war required repatriation; it took ten years, for example, before the last German prisoners were released  unknown numbers of surviving Japanese soldiers left on the Asian mainland disappeared without trace  material destruction of battlefields and areas targeted by Allied bombers was colossal, destruction of cities - Warsaw, Hamburg, Dresden, and, especially, Russian and Japan urban centers - left millions homeless  damage to roads, bridges, railways and industrial plant created mass economic dislocation; financial costs of the war weighed on victor and vanquished alike The Effects of World War II War Crimes & Disasters

16. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 16 The Effects of World War II children in front of their bombed home in 1941 - their parents buried inside

17. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 17 The Effects of World War II The Blitz - London 1941

18. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 18 The Effects of World War II Dresden - 1945 - still controversial even today

19. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 19 World War II - Casualties

20. Tuesday, 09 August 2005 Chris SNUGGS, ISUGA 20 World War II - Casualties