1. Becoming a knowledgeable barista with a social conscience Make your own notes as we go through the slides!!

2. Early History  Dates back centuries and no one sure who was first to discover that the beans could be dried, roasted, ground and brewed into a drink.  6 th century AD – coffee taken from Ethiopia to port of Mocha (Yemen) on Arabian peninsula (hence Arabica coffee). Then spread around the Arab world.  1200 AD coffee started being roasted before being brewed.  Europeans came across coffee in Turkey. (How is coffee drunk in Turkey?)

3. Coffee in Europe  1615 merchants from Venice introduced coffee to Italy.  Pope baptised it and declared it a “Christian beverage”.  Spread to rest of Europe – coffeehouses and cafes.  Arab traders made sure that they controlled the coffee plants and seeds.  Dutch managed to smuggle a seedling to Java (Indonesia).  Seven years later Dutch growers sent first batch of coffee and seedling to Amsterdam (Holland). Note the points if you haven’t already!

4. Coffee in The New World  Coffee went from Holland to France, then on to Caribbean.  This then spread to South America – history can be traced back to the original seedling in Java!  Coffee popular in America since 1773. Anyone heard of the Boston Tea Party?  Today America is the world’s number one consumer of coffee. So what role did Java play in the evolution of coffee?

5. Modern Developments  1822, French inventor developed first espresso machine but Italians refined the technology and were first to manufacture espresso machines.  1946 Achilles Gaggia created the first high pressure espresso machine – pressure formed by Barista “pulling” lever down, which forced water through the coffee grounds.  1960s – hydraulic powered pistons introduced. Worked by Baristas by pressing a button (semi- automatic machines) – made more consistent coffee and required less effort.  Today over 200,000 espresso bars in Italy alone and Italian machines all over the world. What were the 2 benefits of the semi- automatic espresso machine?

6. Supporters and Detractors Friends of Coffee Pope Clement VIII 1615 Despite moves by some priests to have coffee banned as “the devil’s drink”, he takes a sip, baptises it and declares coffee a “truly Christian drink”. Johann Sebastian Bach 1732 The German composer wrote in The Coffee Cantata: “Ah, how sweet coffee tastes! Lovelier than 1000 kisses, sweeter than wine...” Prince Tallyrand 1800 The French diplomat and wit had this to say about his favourite drink: “Black as the devil, hot as hell, pure as an angel, sweet as love” Enemies of Coffee Women of London 1674 Complaining their men were always in coffeehouses and never at home, they launched the Women’s Petition against Coffee, calling it a “drying and enfeebling liquor” and claiming it made men sexually inactive! King Charles II 1675 Saw coffeehouses as hotbeds of political unrest and tried to close them down. The ban only lasted 11 days, due to public outcry. Frederick the Great of Prussia 1777 Calls coffee “disgusting” and urges his citizens to drink beer instead. He claimed “Coffee-drinking soldiers cannot be depended on to endure hardship or beat the enemy.”

7. New Zealand’s Coffee Heritage  Originally drank most tea (Pommy Heritage).  Instant coffee invented in 1906 (Nestle).  Became a hit as it was so convenient and was a “pick- me-up”.  1950s – immigrants brought the habit with them – Dutch, Germans, Italians.  They opened their own cafes to serve “real” coffee.  During 70s and 80s Kiwis travelled overseas and experienced the coffee drinking cultures first-hand.  When they came back they demanded better coffee and NZ’s coffee culture was born.  New Zealander’s now drink more coffee than tea. How do you think Instant Coffee is made?

8. Review Hand-out #1