1. Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920

2. I. Independence Movements
Independence movements based on class conflicts and the desire for self-government
Haiti
Originally a French colony called Saint-Dominigue
First American territory to free itself
African slaves rose up in revolt
Toussaint L’Oeverture – led and freed all enslaved Africans
Was captured and jailed by the French
Haiti went on to declare its independence in 1804
Venezuela
Led by a Creole military leader, Simon Bolivar
Declared independence in 1811, but would not be completely free until 1821

3. I. Continued… Other Spanish colonies Mexico Brazil
Bolivar teamed up with another Creole military leader, Jose de San Martin
Defeated Spanish in many battles – freed Panama, Ecuador, Columbia, Peru, Chile, Argentina
Mexico
Independence movement originally began by lower classes (mestizos, Indians) and opposed by upper classes (creoles)
By 1820, Creoles feared liberal changes in Spain, declared independence (1821) in order to prevent loss of land, wealth
Brazil
Won independence from Portugal with a bloodless revolution
Creoles asked the king’s son for freedom
8,000 Brazilians signed petition

4. I. Continued… LATIN AMERICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
LATIN AMERICA PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

5. II. Problems for New Nations
Many questions to deal with - social inequalities, political ideologies, role of the church, regionalism
Early independence leaders sought egalitarianism
After independence, equality not always the case
Many new nations depended on “old ways” to keep economy going
Voting rights only for men
Sociedad de castas did not disappear
Distinctions bases on race/ethnicity in full force
Political fragmentation
New nations could be grouped into political blocks
Regional rivalries, economic competition, political divisions prevented unity

6. II. Continued… Rise of caudillos Centralists vs. Federalists
Central and South America – series of unions that eventually dissolved
Geographic barriers, long distances, poor transportation
Rise of caudillos
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force
Sometimes seized entire national governments
Proved to be stabilizing factors when political fragmentation become too much
Centralists vs. Federalists
Centralists called for strong central government
Federalists called for regional governments
Liberals vs. Conservatives
Liberals called for individual rights, more secular society
Conservatives often argued for return of more traditional colonial aspects (social classes, strong central gov’t)

7. III. Economies of Latin America
Support of Britain and U.S. allowed Latin America to enter world market
Become dependent on trade with Europe
Wars hurt industries of Latin America
– economy became stagnant
As European economies grew, demands for Latin American goods increased
Coffee, beef, minerals, grains
The Great Boom
– a surge in economic activity
Resulted in expansion of cities, government projects
Rivalries between nations increased
Conflicts over access to resources

8. III. Continued… Leaders became more focused on capitalist markets
As landowners met demand for goods and materials, peasants lost ground (literally)
With flood of immigrants looking for work, new forms of labor and (disguised) servitude developed

9. IV. Social Changes Societal changes slow to come
Women gained very little – still expected to be wives and mothers only
Could not vote, hold public office, become lawyers
Did have access to public education
Caste-like systems mostly ended, but the stigma of skin color and status remained
Limited opportunities for many
Indigenous people still lived in poor conditions, with little upward mobility

10. Key Vocabulary – Ch. 25 Gran Columbia Caudillos Centralists
Federalists
Monroe Doctrine
Guano
Positivism
Manifest destiny
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
La Reforma
Argentine Republic
Fazendas
Cientificos
Spanish-American War
Panama Canal

11. Wrap-up: 5-minute Response
Even after independence, how did Europe continue to affect/influence Latin America?