1. The Era of Thomas Jefferson
Chapter 9

2. Jefferson takes Office
Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated in March 1801.
He ran against John Adams.
Aaron Burr won the same amount of electoral votes as Jefferson
The House of Representatives debated for 6 days before Jefferson was chosen
In 1804, the electors would vote separately for President and Vice President

3. Jefferson takes Office
Jefferson was the first president to get inaugurated in Washington DC
The presidents goal was to limit the federal governments power over the states
He thought that laissez faire would be the best idea
He fired all tax collectors and cut the number of diplomats
He reduced the size of the military
People who were imprisoned under the Sedition Act were released

4. Jefferson takes Office
Adams appointed William Marbury and other judges before he left office
Republicans said these were to keep the Federalists in power
Jefferson ordered James Madison to cease work on the appointments

5. Jefferson takes Office
Marbury sued Madison citing the Judiciary Act of 1789
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
He said the Court’s power came from the Constitution
This was important because of the court case Marbury v. Madison, judicial review was established

6. The Louisiana Purchase
By 1800, more then a million settlers lived between the Appalachian and the Mississippi
Most of these settlers were farmers.

7. The Louisiana Purchase
These farmers relied on the Mississippi River to transport their crops to the port at New Orleans
Spain had controlled new Orleans and the US negotiated with Spain to guarantee American’s right to ship goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans
This was called Pinckney’s Treaty

8. The Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson found out in 1801 that Spain had given New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory to France in a secret treaty
In 1802, before the official transfer of the land to France, the Spanish governor stopped allowing Americans to ship their goods through New Orleans

9. The Louisiana Purchase
The President decided that he would try to buy New Orleans from the French
He sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to try to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France
When they arrived they found out that Toussaint L’Ouverture had driven the French from Haiti

10. The Louisiana Purchase
They knew the French would have a hard time defending Louisiana
They also knew that there were tensions between France and England
Napoleon, the leader of France would need money to support the war
Napoleon offered to sell not only New Orleans but the entire Louisiana Purchase
They purchased the whole territory for $15 Million-4 Cents an acre

11. The Louisiana Purchase
No where in the Constitution did it say that the President had power to buy land
Jefferson said that the President was allowed to make treaties, the Senate approved and Congress voted to pay for the land
In January 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to pay $2,500 on a western expedition

12. The Louisiana Purchase
He chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to report back about geography, plants, animals and other natural features
He also wanted them to make contact with the Natives and to look for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean

13. The Louisiana Purchase
They took 40 men and traveled up the Missouri River, met up with natives, reached the Great Plains, traveled west, and met up with Native American Sacagawea, who traveled with them and was a translator
They climbed the Rockies, reached the continental divide, found the Columbia River and traveled by canoe to the Pacific Ocean
It took nearly 6 months to return to Missouri

14. The Louisiana Purchase
In , Zebulon Pike also explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory
When he got to the Rocky Mountains, he was stopped by deep snow
The mountain he could not climb is now called Pike’s Peak

15. The Louisiana Purchase
On his return, he went to Spanish new Mexico
Pike and his explorers were arrested by Spanish troops
They thought they were spies trying to take over the area
They were released and escorted back to the United States
Because of Pike’s reports, the Americans grew interested in the Spanish Borderlands.

16. A Time of Conflict
Pirate ships began to attack American ships in the Mediterranean Sea
These ships came from Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia and Tripoli (the Barbary State)
These pirates took property and sailors, holding the sailors for ransom
European governments stopped the raids by paying the States tribute

17. A Time of Conflict
Jefferson stopped paying tribute and sent warships to the Mediterranean
The Philadelphia ran aground near Tripoli and the crew was imprisoned
American sailors burned this ship to prevent the pirates from using it.
American troops marched across the Sahara desert and captured Tripoli

18. A Time of Conflict By 1803, France and England were at war
Americans were Neutral
To prevent the other side from getting supplies, the French and English began to seize American ships and stealing the cargo
The British again used impressments

19. A Time of Conflict
To try to stop this, in 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act
Forbid any trade on American ships sailing to any foreign port
Jefferson thought this would stop the other countries from seizing ships
Instead, the money made by exports fell, prices of crops declined and thousands of Americans lost their jobs
Many Americans began to smuggle goods.

20. A Time of Conflict
After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, many settlers moved West
Diseases such as measles, smallpox and the flu killed thousands of Natives
Settlers stole native lands for hunting
The Shawnee people were hurt by the settlers
In 1805, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh urged Natives to fight against the settlers
This action scared American officials
In 1811, William Henry Harrison, marched his soldiers against the Shawnee villages and defeated the Natives at the Battle of Tippecanoe

21. The War of 1812
There was tensions between Britain and the US when James Madison became president in 1809
Arming Natives
Impressments of sailors
America’s new nationalism
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun became leaders in the House of Representatives
They supported war with Britain-They were called War Hawks

22. The War of 1812
Although England was at war in Europe, they would not give into US Demands to avoid war

23. The War of 1812
The US navy only had 16 warships, and the army had only 7,000 men
The British set up a blockade of the Coast
A major sea battle was in Aug 1812 and the USS Constitution defeated the British ship Guerriere

24. The War of 1812
The British and Americans were also fighting for control of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi
American General William Hull tried and failed to invade Canada
The Americans did win at Lake Erie, where they defeated the British
In the south, Natives attacked American settlements.
Andrew Jackson fought back and defeated the natives at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend

25. The War of 1812 The British Attacked Washington D.C. in August 1814
Dolly Madison, the President’s wife gathered important documents and fled the building
The British set fire to the White House

26. The War of 1812 They Then moved to Fort McHenry in Maryland
Although the British fought through the night, the Americans had beaten off the attack
Francis Scott Key saw this attack and later wrote “The Star Spangled Banner”

27. The War of 1812
Britain had become tired of war and peace talks began in Ghent, Belgium
The Treaty of Ghent ended the war
Many Federalists did not agree with this war, and met at the Hartford Convention to talk about New England states seceding from the US