1. Julius Caesar Ancient Rome

2. After the Punic Wars Rome was facing a lot of social discontentRome was facing a lot of social discontent Wealthy class took advantage of farmersWealthy class took advantage of farmers Slave labor increased (by 100 BCE 30% of Roman population were slaves)  Slave revoltsSlave labor increased (by 100 BCE 30% of Roman population were slaves)  Slave revolts Class of urban, landless poor emerges in RomeClass of urban, landless poor emerges in Rome

3. The Grachi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius GracchusBrothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Proposed limiting the size of the latfunidia and distributing land to the poorProposed limiting the size of the latfunidia and distributing land to the poor The wealthy Senate did not like this idea and killed Tiberius and later GaiusThe wealthy Senate did not like this idea and killed Tiberius and later Gaius

4. Rise of Military leaders MariusMarius Turned the unemployed poor into an armyTurned the unemployed poor into an army His soldiers were paid, given uniforms/equipment, and promised landHis soldiers were paid, given uniforms/equipment, and promised land First professional army where the allegiance was to their commander NOT to the Roman republicFirst professional army where the allegiance was to their commander NOT to the Roman republic SullaSulla He was a general who also created a “personal” armyHe was a general who also created a “personal” army Sulla and Marius were rivals (88 BCE – 82 BCE)Sulla and Marius were rivals (88 BCE – 82 BCE) Marius was eventually exiled and Sulla declared himself dictator!Marius was eventually exiled and Sulla declared himself dictator!

5. JC, the Man HImself Gaius Julius Caesar born 100 BCEGaius Julius Caesar born 100 BCE Born to a wealthy, political familyBorn to a wealthy, political family Had an excellent educationHad an excellent education Rise to the topRise to the top Pontifex Maximus (63 BCE) – Chief religious office in RomePontifex Maximus (63 BCE) – Chief religious office in Rome Praetor (62 BCE) – Roman official and served in SpainPraetor (62 BCE) – Roman official and served in Spain Consul (59 BCE)Consul (59 BCE) The Senate feared his success and sent him to GaulThe Senate feared his success and sent him to Gaul

6. First Triumvirate JC needed allies!!JC needed allies!! Joined with Roman General Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.)Joined with Roman General Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.) Brought wealth and military mightBrought wealth and military might Crassus (140–91 B.C.E.)Crassus (140–91 B.C.E.) Powerful Roman politician who brought important political connectionsPowerful Roman politician who brought important political connections The alliance was further sealed in 58 B.C.E. with the marriage of Caesar's only daughter, Julia, to PompeyThe alliance was further sealed in 58 B.C.E. with the marriage of Caesar's only daughter, Julia, to Pompey

7. JC in Gaul Caesar had many victories in GaulCaesar had many victories in Gaul Caesar decided to undertake an expedition against BritainCaesar decided to undertake an expedition against Britain These expeditions in 55 and 54 B.C.E. created great enthusiasm in RomeThese expeditions in 55 and 54 B.C.E. created great enthusiasm in Rome In 52 B.C.E., however, Gaul rose in widespread rebellion against Caesar under Vercingetorix, a nobleman of the tribe of the ArverniIn 52 B.C.E., however, Gaul rose in widespread rebellion against Caesar under Vercingetorix, a nobleman of the tribe of the Arverni This revolt greatly threatened Caesar's power baseThis revolt greatly threatened Caesar's power base

8. JC in Gaul

9. Meanwhile back in Rome… At the same time, the political situation in Rome was equally chaoticAt the same time, the political situation in Rome was equally chaotic The tribune Clodius had been murdered  a lot of chaosThe tribune Clodius had been murdered  a lot of chaos Caesar had crossed the Alps to watch the changing conditions in RomeCaesar had crossed the Alps to watch the changing conditions in Rome When the news of revolt in Gaul reached him, he recrossed the Alps and rallied his divided armyWhen the news of revolt in Gaul reached him, he recrossed the Alps and rallied his divided army Caesar's forces lost several battles to Vercingetorix and the Arverni.Caesar's forces lost several battles to Vercingetorix and the Arverni. Vercingetorix made the mistake of taking refuge in the fortress of Alesia, howeverVercingetorix made the mistake of taking refuge in the fortress of Alesia, however Caesar used the best of Roman siege techniques and encircled the fortress to capture the enemyCaesar used the best of Roman siege techniques and encircled the fortress to capture the enemy Soon Vercingetorix was forced to surrenderSoon Vercingetorix was forced to surrender

10. Triumvirate Dissolves Caesar's long absence from Rome had partially weakened his political powerCaesar's long absence from Rome had partially weakened his political power Pompey had remained in Rome and strengthened his political position by appearing as a leader in a time of chaosPompey had remained in Rome and strengthened his political position by appearing as a leader in a time of chaos Other tensions in the alliance came with Julia's death in 54 B.C.E.Other tensions in the alliance came with Julia's death in 54 B.C.E. The death of Crassus in 53 B.C.E. further weakened the relationship between Pompey and CaesarThe death of Crassus in 53 B.C.E. further weakened the relationship between Pompey and Caesar

11. Civil War (‘cause fighting is what romans do Best) When Caesar returned to Rome in 50 B.C.E., the Senate looked to put him on trialWhen Caesar returned to Rome in 50 B.C.E., the Senate looked to put him on trial Caesar now had two choices: he could bow to the will of the Senate and be destroyed politically, or he could start a civil war.Caesar now had two choices: he could bow to the will of the Senate and be destroyed politically, or he could start a civil war. Caesar chose war.Caesar chose war. It the beginning the greater power seemed to rest with Pompey and the Senate, as Pompey had powerful resources with which to draw support against Caesar.It the beginning the greater power seemed to rest with Pompey and the Senate, as Pompey had powerful resources with which to draw support against Caesar. However, Caesar had at his command a tough, loyal, and experienced army, as well as an extensive following in Italy. Most of all, he was fighting for his own interests alone and did not have to face the divisions of interest, opinion, and leadership that plagued Pompey.However, Caesar had at his command a tough, loyal, and experienced army, as well as an extensive following in Italy. Most of all, he was fighting for his own interests alone and did not have to face the divisions of interest, opinion, and leadership that plagued Pompey.

12. Civil War: Pompey Bails Pompey quickly decided to abandon Italy and fell back to the EastPompey quickly decided to abandon Italy and fell back to the East Caesar secured his position in Italy and Gaul and then defeated Pompey at Pharsalus on Aug. 9, 48 B.C.E.Caesar secured his position in Italy and Gaul and then defeated Pompey at Pharsalus on Aug. 9, 48 B.C.E. Pompey fled to Egypt and was killed by the young pharaoh (king) Ptolemy (63–47 B.C.E. )Pompey fled to Egypt and was killed by the young pharaoh (king) Ptolemy (63–47 B.C.E. ) Caesar followed Pompey to Egypt and became involved in the struggle for power in the house of Ptolemy, a family in Egypt that ruled for generationsCaesar followed Pompey to Egypt and became involved in the struggle for power in the house of Ptolemy, a family in Egypt that ruled for generations

13. Caesar in Power He adopted a policy of special clemency, or mercy, toward his former enemies and rewarded political opponents with public officeHe adopted a policy of special clemency, or mercy, toward his former enemies and rewarded political opponents with public office For himself he adopted the old Roman position of dictator, a ruler with absolute powerFor himself he adopted the old Roman position of dictator, a ruler with absolute power

14. Caesar in Power There has been much debate about what political role Caesar planned for himselfThere has been much debate about what political role Caesar planned for himself He certainly thought the old government was weak and desired to replace it with some form of rule by a single leaderHe certainly thought the old government was weak and desired to replace it with some form of rule by a single leader Just before his death, Caesar was appointed dictator for lifeJust before his death, Caesar was appointed dictator for life About the same time, he began issuing coins with his portrait on them, something never before practiced in Rome up to that timeAbout the same time, he began issuing coins with his portrait on them, something never before practiced in Rome up to that time He had plans for major Roman overhaulsHe had plans for major Roman overhauls