1. 1 UNIT 2 CIVILIZATIONS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD CHAPTER 6: GREECE’S GOLDEN AND HELLENISTIC AGES

2. 2 LESSON 6-1 GREEK ART OF THE GOLDEN AGE A. Architecture Parthenon 1. Parthenon 2. temples, gymnasiums and theaters 3. wealth of Athens attracted many artist B. Paintings 1. best preserved on vases 2. knowledge from Roman literature C. Sculpture 1. few still exist, copies from Romans 2 “The Discus Thrower” Myron 3. “Athena” “ Zeus at the Temple of Olympia” A. Architecture Parthenon 1. Parthenon 2. temples, gymnasiums and theaters 3. wealth of Athens attracted many artist B. Paintings 1. best preserved on vases 2. knowledge from Roman literature C. Sculpture 1. few still exist, copies from Romans 2 “The Discus Thrower” Myron 3. “Athena” “ Zeus at the Temple of Olympia”

3. 3 LESSON 6-1 GREEK ART OF THE GOLDEN AGE (CONT.) D. The Nature of Greek Art 1. architecture, paintings and sculpture reflected the Greek’s view of themselves. Four Characteristics of Greek Style 2. Four Characteristics of Greek Style (1) glorified human beings (2) art symbolized the people’s pride in their city state (3) art expressed Greek ideals of harmony, balance, order and moderation. (4) art expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty and function D. The Nature of Greek Art 1. architecture, paintings and sculpture reflected the Greek’s view of themselves. Four Characteristics of Greek Style 2. Four Characteristics of Greek Style (1) glorified human beings (2) art symbolized the people’s pride in their city state (3) art expressed Greek ideals of harmony, balance, order and moderation. (4) art expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty and function

4. 4 LESSON 6-2: PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE Cosmologists A. Cosmologists lovers of wisdom (1) lovers of wisdom, wanted to understand the world around them, shift in focus to physical world, human beings and society. (2) ideas stimulated others Pythagoras (a) Pythagoras: mathematical explanation of the universe Parmenides (b) Parmenides: formal rule of logic Democritus (c) Democritus: atomic theory Socrates B. Socrates “Know Thyself” (1) “Know Thyself” unwise for unskilled people to hold positions of power. (2) criticized democracy because he believed it unwise for unskilled people to hold positions of power. (3) considered one of history’s greatest thinkers and teachers. the unexamined life is not worth living (4) the unexamined life is not worth living (5) disliked the Sophist because they charged for teaching. Socrates did not use memorization he wanted people to think. Cosmologists A. Cosmologists lovers of wisdom (1) lovers of wisdom, wanted to understand the world around them, shift in focus to physical world, human beings and society. (2) ideas stimulated others Pythagoras (a) Pythagoras: mathematical explanation of the universe Parmenides (b) Parmenides: formal rule of logic Democritus (c) Democritus: atomic theory Socrates B. Socrates “Know Thyself” (1) “Know Thyself” unwise for unskilled people to hold positions of power. (2) criticized democracy because he believed it unwise for unskilled people to hold positions of power. (3) considered one of history’s greatest thinkers and teachers. the unexamined life is not worth living (4) the unexamined life is not worth living (5) disliked the Sophist because they charged for teaching. Socrates did not use memorization he wanted people to think.

5. 5 LESSON 6-2: PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE (CONT.) Plato C. Plato wrote down ideas of Socrates (1) wrote down ideas of Socrates, greatest of Socrates’ students. Academy (2) Academy, a school devoted to teaching philosophy Theory of Form (3) Theory of Form, most important idea, that everything physical was merely an imperfect expression of a perfect universal form or idea. Republic (4) Republic, answered the question of what is justice, book describing his concept of the ideal organization of society. (5) Philosopher Kings, ruled by the wealthy or aristocrats. Aristotle D. Aristotle (1) was a student of the Academy, and demonstrated a special skill for defining words and grouping similar or related facts. (2) classification of plants and animals “Ethics” (3) “Ethics” acts and beliefs of individuals and what brought them happiness “Poetics” (4) “Poetics” concerned with Greek drama “Politics” (5) “Politics” believed all government are good and each could easily be corrupted Plato C. Plato wrote down ideas of Socrates (1) wrote down ideas of Socrates, greatest of Socrates’ students. Academy (2) Academy, a school devoted to teaching philosophy Theory of Form (3) Theory of Form, most important idea, that everything physical was merely an imperfect expression of a perfect universal form or idea. Republic (4) Republic, answered the question of what is justice, book describing his concept of the ideal organization of society. (5) Philosopher Kings, ruled by the wealthy or aristocrats. Aristotle D. Aristotle (1) was a student of the Academy, and demonstrated a special skill for defining words and grouping similar or related facts. (2) classification of plants and animals “Ethics” (3) “Ethics” acts and beliefs of individuals and what brought them happiness “Poetics” (4) “Poetics” concerned with Greek drama “Politics” (5) “Politics” believed all government are good and each could easily be corrupted

6. 6 LESSON 6-2: PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE (CONT.) Anyone can become angry- that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way- that is not easy. (6) Anyone can become angry- that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way- that is not easy. E. Math and Science Pythagoras 1. Pythagoras: Pythagorean Theorem Hippocrates 2. Hippocrates: disease result of natural causes F. History Herodotus 1. Herodotus: “Father of History” Thucydides: 2. Thucydides: “History of the Peloponnesian War” unbiased Anyone can become angry- that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way- that is not easy. (6) Anyone can become angry- that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way- that is not easy. E. Math and Science Pythagoras 1. Pythagoras: Pythagorean Theorem Hippocrates 2. Hippocrates: disease result of natural causes F. History Herodotus 1. Herodotus: “Father of History” Thucydides: 2. Thucydides: “History of the Peloponnesian War” unbiased

7. 7 LESSON 6-2: PHILOSOPHERS AND WRITERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE (CONT.) G. Greek Drama Great Dionysia 1. Great Dionysia, religious festival to honor Dionysia, three play wrights would compete for prizes. 2. Tragedies (a) struggle against fate hubris excessive pride (b) hubris excessive pride Aeschylus (c) Aeschylus plays centered around death of Agamemnon Sophocles (d) Sophocles: “Oedipus Rex” traditional values Euripidesexposing the pain and misery (e) Euripides: showed the reality of war, exposing the pain and misery 3. Comedies (a) mocked ideas and people Aristophanes (b) Aristophanes: “Clouds” made fun of Aristotle, War and Government G. Greek Drama Great Dionysia 1. Great Dionysia, religious festival to honor Dionysia, three play wrights would compete for prizes. 2. Tragedies (a) struggle against fate hubris excessive pride (b) hubris excessive pride Aeschylus (c) Aeschylus plays centered around death of Agamemnon Sophocles (d) Sophocles: “Oedipus Rex” traditional values Euripidesexposing the pain and misery (e) Euripides: showed the reality of war, exposing the pain and misery 3. Comedies (a) mocked ideas and people Aristophanes (b) Aristophanes: “Clouds” made fun of Aristotle, War and Government

8. 8 LESSON 6-3: ALEXANDER THE GREAT Philip II of Macedonia A. Philip II of Macedonia 1. recruited the first paid military 2. cavalry, infantry, phalanx and archers 3. goal was to unite Greece and conquer Persia 4. assassinated Alexander the Great B. Alexander the Great Aristotle 1. son of Philip, educated by Aristotle and military, great military leader 2.331B.C.E conquered Persia, Egypt and Mesopotamia 3. died of cholera or malaria at the age of 33 C. Alexander’s Empire important for spreading the Greek culture throughout the known world 1. important for spreading the Greek culture throughout the known world 2. intermarriage was encouraged Hellenistic Age 3. Hellenistic Age: Alexander's death to Roman conquest 4. break up resulted in generals dividing up the empire. Philip II of Macedonia A. Philip II of Macedonia 1. recruited the first paid military 2. cavalry, infantry, phalanx and archers 3. goal was to unite Greece and conquer Persia 4. assassinated Alexander the Great B. Alexander the Great Aristotle 1. son of Philip, educated by Aristotle and military, great military leader 2.331B.C.E conquered Persia, Egypt and Mesopotamia 3. died of cholera or malaria at the age of 33 C. Alexander’s Empire important for spreading the Greek culture throughout the known world 1. important for spreading the Greek culture throughout the known world 2. intermarriage was encouraged Hellenistic Age 3. Hellenistic Age: Alexander's death to Roman conquest 4. break up resulted in generals dividing up the empire.

9. 9 Lesson 6-4: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture

10. 10 Lesson 6-4: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture (cont.) Archimedes 2. Archimedes geometry, pi, compound pulley D. Medicine Alexandria 1. Alexandria was the center for the study of medicine and surgery. 2. studied human anatomy E. Astronomy and Geography Aristarchus 1. Aristarchus: earth and planets moved around the sun Hipparchus 2.Hipparchus: predicted sun eclipses Eratosthenes 3. Eratosthenes: circumference of the earth with amazing accuracy F. Characteristics of Hellenistic Science scientists 1. scientists learned a great deal about how the world worked using simple instruments showed Hero 2. showed little interest at this time in turning any of their practical inventions into labor saving devices. Example: Hero invented steam engine. Archimedes 2. Archimedes geometry, pi, compound pulley D. Medicine Alexandria 1. Alexandria was the center for the study of medicine and surgery. 2. studied human anatomy E. Astronomy and Geography Aristarchus 1. Aristarchus: earth and planets moved around the sun Hipparchus 2.Hipparchus: predicted sun eclipses Eratosthenes 3. Eratosthenes: circumference of the earth with amazing accuracy F. Characteristics of Hellenistic Science scientists 1. scientists learned a great deal about how the world worked using simple instruments showed Hero 2. showed little interest at this time in turning any of their practical inventions into labor saving devices. Example: Hero invented steam engine.