1. Renaissance and Revolution
Ancient Rome to 1700’s

2. Glory of ancient Rome Augustus-first Roman emperor
Pax Romana-peace in Rome for over 200 years.
Accomplishments: written laws, aqueducts, roads, and bridges.
Hundreds of years of warfare followed Pax Romana. Western empire gradually broke apart.

3. Europe in Middle Ages
Christian faith-as the empire fell apart, the people of Europe drew strength from Christianity. In such dark times, faith was like a welcoming light.
Feudalism-a way to organize society when there is no central government.
Lords ruled the local areas. Lords swore loyalty to king.
Lord owned land called a manor. Crops, taxes, maintained order and enforced laws, protected the serfs (people who lived and worked on the land)

4. What Was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a time when creative thinking and new technology helped people to more accurately understand their world. Renaissance thinkers explored new worlds and reexamined old ones. Humanists based their studies on the classical cultures of Greece and Rome.

5. Section 1: The Renaissance in Italy
Italy: The Cradle of the Renaissance
The Renaissance started in Italy and spread throughout Europe. The Roman Catholic Church and merchants who had grown rich from trade financed the creation of works of art.

6. What was the Renaissance?
A changing world view
1. Reawakened interest in classical Greece and Rome
2. New emphasis on human experience and Individual achievement
B. A spirit of Adventure
1. Looked at universe in new ways
2. Experimented with new forms and techniques
C. The Growth of humanism
1. Study of classical Greece and Rome to understand their own times
2. Emphasis on humanities- Rhetoric, poetry, and history

7. II. Italy: Cradle of Renaissance
Italy’s history and geography
Rome the seat of Catholic Church, an important patron of the arts
Location encouraged trade with markets in Mediterranean and Africa
Center of the Roman Empire
B. Italy’s vibrant city-states
Each city- state controlled by a powerful family and dominated by wealthy merchants
Florence was a symbol of the energy and brilliance of the Italian Renaissance

8. III. Renaissance art and artists flower
Reflecting humanist thought
Portrayed well-known figures of the day
Revived many classical forms
B. New artistic techniques
Invented perspective
Drew From live models
C. Architecture became a “social art”
Meant to blend beauty with utility and improvement of society
Adopted columns, arches and domes favored by Greeks and Romans

9. The Italian Renaissance
-Key Concepts-

11. III. Renaissance Economics
Profit-making became more important than Church doctrine
To overcome guilt, profit-makers indulge in philanthropy
Influence of guilds declining
High profits led to economic diversification

12. III. Renaissance Economics
“Cottage Industry”- An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based.
Art became the way to advertise economic success (Bling, Bling Baby)
Increased commercial competition created the need to be efficient

13. IV. Renaissance Society
Art started to focus on the individual
Humanism- studied the classical culture of Greece and Rome to understand their own time.
Focused on worldly subjects rather than on the Religious Issues
Humanities- subjects such as grammar, rhetoric (the study of using language effectively), poetry, and history.
Focus on man’s free will

14. V. Renaissance Politics
Niccolo Machiavelli ( )
-- “The Prince”
The goal of the prince must be power
Cynical view of human nature
Fear is a better motivator than affection
Politics as the art of deception

15. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture
The depiction of nudes
Imitation of nature was a primary goal
Pagan scenes and myths were popular subjects with no apologies to the Church

16. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)
Boticelli’s “Birth of Venus”
Status of artist is elevated to cultural hero
Renaissance art stressed proportion, balance and harmony—and was not otherworldly
Artistic problems of perspective and composition addressed

17. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture
These problems were solved by emphasizing the mathematical side of painting
--Brunelleschi’s “linear perspective”
Linear perspective is a mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. The system originated in Florence, Italy in the early 1400s. The artist and architect Brunelleschi demonstrated its principles, but another architect and writer, Leon Battista Alberti was first to write down rules of linear perspective for artists to follow
Innovations in Renaissance painting
VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture

18. - “chiaroscuro” is defined as a bold contrast between light and dark.

19. Sfumato is the Italian term for a painting technique which overlays translucent layers of colour to create perceptions of depth, volume and form. In particular, it refers to the blending of colours or tones so subtly that there is no perceptible transition.

22. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)
Raphael ( )
Man of great sensitivity and kindness
Died at the age of 37
“The School of Athens”
Famous for frescoes in the Vatican Palace

28. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)
Leonardo Da Vinci ( )
True Renaissance Man
Scientist, inventor, engineer and naturalist
Dissected Corpses
Short attention span

35. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)
Michelangelo
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Conflict with Pope Julius II
Incredible energy and endurance

44. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)
Mannerism’s greatest representative: El Greco ( )
Romanesque architecture was revived in Renaissance building projects
Brunelleschi’s Church of San Lorenzo

45. VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophy
Humanistic age
Various types of humanism
Great fervor displayed in finding and collecting old documents
Leads to critical examination of documents
--Lorenzo Valla
Education produces moral uplift

46. VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont)
A true liberal education
Humanist education for women
Love for the study of history most of all
A Greek language fad after 1454
Petrarch ( ): the Father of Italian Renaissance humanism
Focus on the individual and his dignity

47. VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont)
First influenced secondary education
Extreme vanity of Renaissance scholars
The importance of law and rhetoric in Renaissance education
Classical political ideals were cultivated
Knowledge needed to be useful

48. VIII. The Renaissance Papacy
Loss of influence over European nation-states
Decline in moral prestige and leadership
Pope Julius II ( )
Popes as patrons of Renaissance art
--Leo X ( )

49. IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe
The significance of Gutenberg’s printing press
Explosion of printed materials
--By 1500, 40,000 titles printed and between 8-10 million copies
The impact of movable-type printing presses: research and literacy

50. IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)
Popular publications in the early days of the printing press
Thomas More
--Utopia
--Executed by Henry VIII in 1535
Erasmus—Dutch Christian Humanist

51. IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)
William Shakespeare ( )
--Globe Theater
Shakespeare returns to classical subjects and genres
His history plays were the most popular at the time
Macbeth: ambition
Hamlet: individualism
Keen sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words