1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT by K Subramaniam, PJK [Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt & Occ.Health); Dip.RSH]

2. INTRODUCTION The objective of this module is to introduce :
various concepts in environmental management
various approaches to pollution management

3. A. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

4. 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY

5. 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY (Preferred philosophy)
Prevention
4R (Reduce,Reuse, Recover,Recycle)
Treatment
Disposal

6. A New Waste Management Model

7. A Preferred Model

8. 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY
A move from a policy and regulatory enforcement towards the hierarchy of control i.e to move from:
Regulation to voluntary approach
Preventing / avoiding disposal

9. 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY
Legal provisions:
the provisions in the EQA 1974,
the regulations that promote the move from the approach of Disposal Prevention; and,
voluntary initiatives.

10. 2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END OF PIPE APPROACH

11. Its ABUSE…

12. 2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END OF PIPE APPROACH
Characteristics
Prescribing:
emission standards and
technology standards

13. General process Flow Diagram for End-of-pipe Treatment System

14. COMMAND AND CONTROL Advantages Easy to enforce
Seemingly “fair” to all sources

15. COMMAND AND CONTROL Disadvantages
No incentives to go beyond the standards
No drive for technological innovation
May be costly to achieve a certain desired output

16. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION

17. Cleaner Production Assessment Is Divided In Five Phases.
(USEPA, 2004)

18. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION Characteristics
- CP aims to prevent the generation of waste and emission at the outset
- It is opposed to EOP/command and control approach which treats the waste after it has been generated

19. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION Definition of Cleaner Production
“the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy to processes and products to reduce risks to humans and the environment”

21. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION For production processes CP includes:
conserving raw materials and energy
eliminating toxic processing materials
reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes

22. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION For products CP approach focuses on:
the reduction of environmental impacts along the entire life cycle of a product,
from raw material extraction to the ultimate disposal of the product,
by appropriate product design

23. Option Generating Process
(USEPA, 2004)

24. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION Benefits of CP
Cost-saving through reduced wastage of raw materials and energy
Improved operating efficiency of the plant
Better product quality and consistency because the plant operation is more predictable
Recovery of some waste materials

25. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION Tools and techniques of CP Good Housekeeping
Material Substitution
Technology / Process Modification
Recycling
Design for Environment (DFE)

26. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION CP terms Eco-Efficiency Waste Minimization
Pollution Prevention
Green Productivity

27. 3. CLEANER PRODUCTION CP in action in Malaysia by DOE CP unit in EiMAS
CP introduced in revised AS9 form
CP introduced in WWCS report
Smarter ideas for RMK9.

28. 4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY

29. 4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY
What is whole effluent toxicity?
testing a wastewater discharge with aquatic organisms to assess the discharge's toxicity
WET is a standardized protocol (ex the Standard Methods

30. 4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY
Understanding WET
- An effluent may be complying with all the individual parameter limits but does it guarantee that it will not cause any detrimental effects of the aquatic organisms?
WET attempts to answer this question and quantify the effects
WET is an aquatic toxicity/bioassay test

31. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY
Understanding WET
Acute test (24 to 96 hrs)
Chronic test (~ 7 days)

32. WET Freshwater Chronic Test Species
Invertebrates:
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Fish
Pimephales promelas - Fathead Minnow
Algae
Selenastrum capricornutum
Though algae are contained in the program, they are not used.

33. Test Data
Typical dose response where mortality increases as the concentration of effluent in the mixture increases.
LC50 would be somewhere between 25% effluent and 50% effluent.
calculated point estimate or a
Pass fail test where a concentration, usually that which is considered a critical concentration of effluent in the recieving water or
ambient toxicity test measured against a control
Examples of Pass/Fail Acute test
Instream waste concentration equals 75%
statistical evaluation using a student-t test compares mortality rates of ambient or IWC sample against a control
Is there a “significant statistical difference between the two results”
6.25 % Effluent
12.5 % Effluent
25.0% Effluent
50.0% Effluent
100.0% Effluent
Control
0% Mortality
0% mortality
20 % Mortality
40% Mortality
80% Mortality
100% Mortality
New Jersey Saline Acute Test Species

34. Test Result
Calculated point estimate or a Pass fail test where a concentration, usually that which is considered a critical concentration of effluent in the recieving water or
ambient toxicity test measured against a control
Examples of Pass/Fail Acute test
Instream waste concentration equals 75% statistical evaluation using a student-t test compares mortality rates of ambient or IWC sample against a control.
Is there a “significant statistical difference between the two results”
calculated point estimate or a
Pass fail test where a concentration, usually that which is considered a critical concentration of effluent in the recieving water or
ambient toxicity test measured against a control
Examples of Pass/Fail Acute test
Instream waste concentration equals 75%
statistical evaluation using a student-t test compares mortality rates of ambient or IWC sample against a control
Is there a “significant statistical difference between the two results”
New Jersey Saline Acute Test Species

35. Grab vs. Composite Grab samples offer “snap shot” of effluent
Composite samples offer “average view” of effluent
NJDEP requires sampling based on discharge type
Continuous discharge – 24 hour composite sample
Intermittent discharge – grab or composite each day that is representative of discharge
Type of sample and frequency of collection is dependent upon the use of the data and the discharge the test is intended to represent.
Samples are not to be used after they have been held for 72 hours.
Samples are to be chilled during or immediately upon collection to 4oC.

36. Grab vs. Composite
Type of sample and frequency of collection is dependent upon the use of the data and the discharge the test is intended to represent.
Samples are not to be used after they have been held for 72 hours.
Samples are to be chilled during or immediately upon collection to 4oC.
Type of sample and frequency of collection is dependent upon the use of the data and the discharge the test is intended to represent.
Samples are not to be used after they have been held for 72 hours.
Samples are to be chilled during or immediately upon collection to 4oC.

37. WET Monitoring a fathead minnow test
Opossum Shrimp
Pimephales promelas

38. WET Procedures

39. Pimephales promelas
Adults are small fish typically 43 mm to 102 mm, and aceraging about 50 mm, in total length.
Widely distributed in North America. In muddy brooks, streams creeks, ponds and small lakes, is uncommon or absent in streams of moderate and high gradients and in most of the larger and deeper impoundments, and is tolerant of high temperature and turbidity, and low oxygen concentrations.
bait fish
breeding males develop a conspicuous, narrow, elongated, gray, fleshy pad of spongy tubercles on the back, anterior to the dorsal fin, and two or three rows of strong nuptial tubercles across the snout.
Adults are small fish typically 43 mm to 102 mm, and averaging about 50 mm, in total length.
Photo by Karen McCabe from Animal Soup

40. Tests Results in Canada

42. 5. BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADING

43. 5.a) Understanding bubble concept
draw an imaginary bubble around the whole plant
find the most efficient way of controlling the plant's emissions
as a whole.

44. BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADING
Example of the bubble concept
In a automobile paint shop,
two sources of VOCs are:
painting operations and
degreasing process
If it is more cost-effective to control VOC release from degreasing process, then concentrate efforts on this activity and less control on the painting operations as long as the total VOC load is maintained or reduced

45. BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADING
Characteristics of the bubble concept
Plant managers can propose their own emission standards:
tightening where it is least costly, and
relaxing where pollution control costs are high
The bubble policy leads to less pollution control?
NO!!! but less expensive pollution control.

46. 5.b). EMISSION TRADING

47. EMISSION TRADING Emission trading
Options available to reduce emissions:
pollution control technology
switching to cleaner fuels
improving energy efficiency
increasing renewable energy use
Emission reduction credits (ERCs)

48. EMISSION TRADING Emission trading
Emission reduction credits (ERCs) provide an incentive to find the most cost-effective way to reduce emissions
ERCs can be sold, traded, or banked for future use

49. How does Emission trading reduce pollution?
By purchasing and retiring ERCs
Once ERC is retired, it can no longer be bought, sold, or used to offset pollution
Individuals and businesses can reduce pollution by buying and retiring emission reduction credits/emission allowances/offsets

50. EMISSION TRADING Emission offsets
Industries to reduce or sequestrate emissions outside its operations (at different location)
emission trading between a new or modified source of air pollution and an existing source
Consumers & businesses can "offset" their pollution by buying and retiring the emission reduction credits created by someone else

51. Pollution trading in watershed
EMISSION TRADING
Pollution trading in watershed
management
Same concept of bubble applies
Bubble represents the watershed
Point and nonpoint sources are applicable.

52. 6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS

53. 6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
Economic instruments have an important place in the policy-makers toolbox.
Economic instruments must be considered in the context of the other main type of policy instrument, the command and control approach, which remains the most popular approach to environmental policy

54. 6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
- Environmental policy and management, as originated in developed countries, is divorced from economic policy and sustainable development
Standards-driven environmental policy
In developing countries environmental policy cannot be divorced from economic and development policy

55. 6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS Command-and-controls require the generous
use of resources such as:
Capital
government revenue
management skills
administrative and enforcement capabilities
The challenge for developing countries is to identify and adopt instruments that integrate environmental and economic policies

56. 6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
Examples of economic instruments in use (TABLE 1: ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT)

58. 7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY

59. 7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY
Physical limits imposed by ecological system on economic activity
The economies must expand within ecosystems that have regenerative capacities
There is a limit to the capability of ecological systems in accepting the residuals without discernable changes in the quality of recipient bodies.

60. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies
Assimilative capacity of water bodies is defined as the maximum amount of pollutant load that can be discharged without impairing water quality for their designated best usage
The basic phenomenon governing the assimilative capacity of water sources is the self-purification capacity

61. Assimilative Capacity Modeling

62. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies
Estimation of assimilative capacity of water
Environment involves:
Delineation of watersheds based on topography of the area
Identification of perennial sources of water and their designated usages
Identification of receiving bodies of water
Identification of present and designated usages for various stretches of water body

63. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies
Estimation of assimilative capacity of water
Environment involves:
Preparation of inventory of point and non-point sources of water pollution
Collection of hydrological data in critical seasons
Estimation of assimilative capacity in critical season vis-à-vis the designated best usage of identified stretches
Establishment of upper limits of pollution load in critical stretches

64. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment
Assimilative capacity of air environment is the maximum amount of pollution load that can be discharged without violating the best-designated use of the air resource in the planning region

65. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment
The phenomena governing the assimilative capacity of air environment include
dilution,
dispersion,
transformation,
deposition and
absorption.

66. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment
Estimation of assimilative capacity
of air environment involves:
Delineation of air-shed based on topography
Preparation of inventory of point, area and line sources, and quantification of pollution loads.
Establishment of temporal and spatial variations of micro-meteorological parameters.

67. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment
Estimation of assimilative capacity of air
environment involves:
Prediction of temporal and spatial variations in air pollutants concentration for existing sources
Estimation of available assimilative capacity in critical micro-climatic zones for various pollutants
Establishment of the upper limits of pollution load in critical pockets

68. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environment
The assimilative capacity of the acoustic environment is the maximum amount of noise load that can be discharged into the environment without causing private or public nuisance for the designated use of land units

69. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environment
The phenomena governing assimilative capacity for noise include
propagation of source through ambient air, and
its absorption,
scattering and
divergence.

70. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environment
Assimilative capacity of the land environment is expressed as the upper limit of extraneous constituents, which can be accommodated in the soil matrix without impairing its productivity for best-designated use.

71. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environment
Land quality dimensions which play important role in the determination of,
the assimilative capacity are cation exchange capacity of soil,
presence of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides;
organic matter content,
hydraulic conductivity of soil; and
physiological nature of plant species

72. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environment
Estimation of assimilative capacity of land
environment involves:
Compounds that degrade or require plant uptake for assimilation in the plant-soil system (ex heavy metals and certain organics may be non mobile and has the potential to accumulate)
Mobile and nondegradative compounds which must be assimilated over land areas

73. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Biological environment
Assimilative capacity of biological environment is the capacity of plants to adsorb or absorb pollutants without plant damage
It is dependent on plant-specific and pollution-specific parameters
Protocols available for assessment

74. 8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

75. 8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Industrial ecology is a new approach to the industrial design of products and processes and the implementation of sustainable manufacturing strategies

76. 8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Industrial ecology seeks to optimize:
the total materials cycle from virgin material to finished material,
to component,
to product,
to waste product, and
to ultimate disposal.

77. 8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Industrial Ecology has been called the "science of sustainability", in that it provides
life cycle environmental impact and
cost information
to decision makers.
This information can used to balance the
environmental,
economic, and
social implications of actions

78. Generally there are six principal elements of industrial ecology
Industrial Ecosystems
Balancing industrial input and output to the constraints of natural systems
Dematerialization of industrial output
Improving the efficiency of industrial processes
Development of renewable energy supplies for industrial production
Adoption of new national and international economic development policies

79. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
In practice Industrial ecology may take many forms but the most obvious form is:
Eco-industrial parks/estates where there exists symbiosis between industries located in the estate.
Eco-industrial parks are settings where industries are grouped such that they can exchange raw materials, waste materials, and energy among each other, thereby reducing the net inputs and outputs of the park.
In essence, the eco-industrial park is an artificial "ecosystem".

80. 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)

81. MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EIA AND SEA
9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)
MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EIA AND SEA
EIA: PRIVATE SECTOR DRIVEN (CONDUCTED BY
THE INDUSTRY IMPOSED BY REGULATIONS)
APPLICABLE TO PROJECT LEVEL
REACTIVE
CONSIDER FEW ALTERNATIVES
FOCUS ON STANDARDS AGENDA
NARROW PERSPECTIVES

83. T h a n k y o u…