1. Northern Renaissance Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

2. Martin Luther was a German theologian who challenged papal authority due to widespread dissatisfaction with the Church, especially objecting to the sale of indulgences.

3. Germanic Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

4. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

5. Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
ca oil on panel center panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.

6. Three characteristics of the Grünewald ‘s style;
Deals specifically and grotesquely with the themes of dire illness and miraculous healing.
Used color to intensify the effect of horror and hope by means of soft harmonies and subtle tones against shocking dissonance of color.
Iconography carefully selected to have meaning to viewers: Christ’s body becomes amputated as parts of the altar are slid away.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (Crucifixion)
ca oil on panel center panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.

7. The subject is depicted on the center panel is a crucified Christ.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (Crucifixion)
ca oil on panel center panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.

8. Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
ca oil on panel center panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.

9. They were associated with diseases such as the plague and with miraculous cures; Anthony was the order’s patron saint and his legend encompassed his role as both vengeful dispenser of justice (by inflicting disease) and benevolent healer.
On the exterior wings;
Crucifixion, Saint Sebastian on the left, Saint Anthony on the right, and Lamentation in the predella.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

10. Isenheim Altarpiece (Resurrection)
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (Resurrection)
ca oil on panel wing, 8 ft. 2 1/2 in. x 3 ft. 1/2 in.

11. Annunciation, Angelic Concert, Madonna and Child, and Resurrection.
On the interior wings;
Annunciation, Angelic Concert, Madonna and Child, and Resurrection.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (fully open)
ca oil on panel center panel, 9 ft. 9 1/2 in. x 10 ft. 9 in.

12. The images served as warnings, encouraging increased devotion from monks and hospital patients. They also functioned therapeutically by offering some hope to the afflicted.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (Meeting of Saints Anthony and Paul)
ca oil on panel wing, 8 ft. 2 1/2 in. x 3 ft. 1/2 in.

13. Isenheim Altarpiece (Temptation of Saint Anthony)
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Matthias Grünewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (Temptation of Saint Anthony)
ca oil on panel wing, 8 ft. 2 1/2 in. x 3 ft. 1/2 in.

14. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

15. Protestant Germanic Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

16. Interior of the Choir of Saint Bavo’s Church at Haarlem
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pieter Saenredam
Interior of the Choir of Saint Bavo’s Church at Haarlem
1660 oil on panel 27 11/16 in. x 21 9/16 in.

17. Low-key images were viewed as useful devotional aids
Low-key images were viewed as useful devotional aids. Prints provided a prime vehicle for educating the masses because artists could print them easily, permitting wide circulation and the sale of numerous copies. They were the least expensive of art forms, making them more accessible to a wider audience than traditionally commissioned art.
Lucas Cranach the Elder
Allegory of Law and Grace
ca woodcut 10 5/8 x 12 3/4 in.
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18. Cranach used Moses holding the Tablets of the Law to describe Catholic Doctrine
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19. To describe Protestant doctrine, Cranach used God’s grace, in the form of blood streaming from a crucified Christ.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

20. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

21. Albrecht Dürer Self-Portrait 1498 oil on board 20 1/2 in. x 16 1/8 in.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
Self-Portrait
1498 oil on board 20 1/2 in. x 16 1/8 in.

22. First, he produced the work without commission
First, he produced the work without commission. Saint Peter (as representative of the pope in Rome) is relegated to a secondary role by being placed behind John the Evangelist, who focused on Christ’s reason in his Gospel.
Peter and John both read from the Bible, the single authoritative source of religious truth, according to Luther.
Dürer emphasizes the Bible’s centrality by depicting it open to the legible passage “In the beginning was the Word…” At the bottom of the painting, Dürer includes quotations from each of the four apostles’ books, warning against the coming of perilous times and the preaching of false prophets who will distort God’s word.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
ca woodcut 15 1/4 x 11 in.

23. Albrecht Dürer Saint Michael 1498 woodcut 15 x 11 1/8 in.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
Saint Michael
1498 woodcut 15 x 11 1/8 in.

24. Durer’s representaton of the Last Suupper reflected Luther’s position on the sacrament of Transubstantiation in that the bread and wine appear prominently in the print’s corner, and the empty plate in the foreground refers to the commemorative, rather than literal, nature of Christ’s sacrifice in the Mass. Transfiguration would traditionally have been represented by a slaughtered lamb on the plate. Luther insisted that Communion was commemorative, not a reenactment.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
Last Supper
1523 woodcut 8 3/8 x 11 13/16 in.

25. Albrecht Dürer Four Apostles
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
Four Apostles
1526 oil on panel each panel 7 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.

26. Albrecht Dürer Philipp Melanchthon 1526 engraving 6 7/8 x 5 1/16 in.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
Philipp Melanchthon
1526 engraving 6 7/8 x 5 1/16 in.

27. The gnarled bark of the trees and the feathery leaves. Symbolism
Two elements of Durer's Adam and Eve that reflect his study of Italian models:
The figures stand in poses reminiscent of classical statues.
He made geometric sketches beforehand to perfect the ideal proportions, but balanced this idealization with naturalism in both the figures and the vegetation.
The cat and mouse in the foreground--predator and innocent prey--summarize the relationship between the two human protagonists.
Perched on a distant cliff at the upper right is an ibex, or goat, a traditional symbol for the unbelieving, and an apt metaphor for the first humans to break a divine commandment.
The elk, bull, rabbit, and cat embody the four humors, or temperaments: the melancholic, the phlegmatic, the sanguine, and the choleric.
The poses of Adam and Eve are similar to the figures of contrapposto kouroi and korai.
List one element that demonstrates his Northern commitment to Naturalism:
The gnarled bark of the trees and the feathery leaves.
Symbolism
With his right hand, Adam grasps a mountain ash, signifying the Tree of Life; this is contrasted with the Tree of Knowledge, represented by the fig tree at the center of the composition.
The diabolical and seductive serpent depositing the forbidden fruit in Eve's hand is opposed by the parrot, which symbolizes both wisdom and discernment, and the virgin birth of Christ
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
The Fall of Man
1504 engraving 9 7/8 x 7 5/8 in.

28. Melancholic
The melancholic temperament is fundamentally introverted and thoughtful. Melancholic people often were perceived as very (or overly) pondering and considerate, getting rather worried when they could not be on time for events.
Sanguine
The sanguine temperament is fundamentally impulsive and pleasure-seeking; sanguine people are sociable and charismatic. They tend to enjoy social gatherings, making new friends and tend to be boisterous. They are usually quite creative and often daydream.
Phlegmatic
The phlegmatic temperament is fundamentally relaxed and quiet, ranging from warmly attentive to lazily sluggish. Phlegmatics tend to be content with themselves and are kind.
Choleric
The choleric temperament is fundamentally ambitious and leader-like. They have a lot of aggression, energy, and/or passion, and try to instill it in others.

29. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

30. Albrecht Dürer The Great Piece of Turf 1503 watercolor 16 x 12 1/2 in.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Dürer
The Great Piece of Turf
1503 watercolor 16 x 12 1/2 in.

31. Albrecht Dürer The Hare
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Albrecht Dürer
The Hare
1502 watercolor and gouache on paper 25 x 23 cm

32. Two tendencies that Durer fuses in Knight Death and the Devil
Idealization.
Naturalism.
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Albrecht Dürer
Knight, Death and the Devil
1513 engraving 9 5/8 x 7 3/8 in.

33. Stylistic effects he utilized to emphasize the violence of the battle;
The landscape contains craggy mountains, swirling clouds, and a blazing sun.
As he began a campaign against the Turks, the Duke of Bavaria hired the artist Albrecht Altdorfer to paint the historic conflict between Alexander the Great and Darius (leading the Persians).
Altdorfer emphasized the connection between the ancient battle and contemporary times as the figures are attired in contemporary armor and are engaged in contemporary military alignments.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Altdorfer
The Battle of Issus
1529 oil on panel 4 ft. 4 1/4 in. x 3 ft. 11 1/4 in.

34. Albrecht Altdorfer The Battle of Issus
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Altdorfer
The Battle of Issus
1529 oil on panel 4 ft. 4 1/4 in. x 3 ft. 11 1/4 in.

35. Albrecht Altdorfer The Battle of Issus
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Albrecht Altdorfer
The Battle of Issus
1529 oil on panel 4 ft. 4 1/4 in. x 3 ft. 11 1/4 in.

36. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

37. Three Italian elements that Holbein integrated into his painting:
Elements that reflect his Northern training:
Close realism.
His detail is exact and exquisitely drawn.
Three Italian elements that Holbein integrated into his painting:
Monumental composition.
Bodily structure.
Sculpturesque form.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Hans Holbein the Younger
The French Ambassadors
1533 oil and tempera on panel 6 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 9 1/2 in.

38. anamorphic
A distorted image recognizable when viewed with a special device, such as a cylindrical mirror, or by viewing the image at an acute angle.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Hans Holbein the Younger
The French Ambassadors
1533 oil and tempera on panel 6 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 9 1/2 in.

39. Hans Holbein the Younger The French Ambassadors
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Hans Holbein the Younger
The French Ambassadors
1533 oil and tempera on panel 6 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 9 1/2 in.

40. French Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

41. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

42. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Jean Clouet
Francis I
oil and tempera on panel 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 5 in.

43. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Jean Clouet
Francis I
oil and tempera on panel 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 5 in.

44. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

45. Three Manneristic characteristics that are seen in the decoration of the Gallery of Francis I at Fontainbleau:
Abrupt changes in scale.
The texture of the figurative elements.
Elongated grace and formalized elegance.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Rosso Fiorentino and Francesco Primaticcio
Gallery of King Francis I
Fontainebleau, France ca

46. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

47. Three Italian Renaissance features of the Chateau of Chambord:
The plan includes a square block with four corridors, in the shape of a cross.
At each of the four corners, a round tower punctuates the plan.
The exterior is a carefully contrived horizontal accent on three levels, windows aligned precisely one above another, a motif based on the Italian palazzo.
Two French Gothic features:
Above the third story the structure’s line breaks chaotically into a jumble of light dormers, chimneys, and lanterns.
The silhouette is soaring and ragged like Gothic buildings.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Château de Chambord
Chambord, France
begun 1519

48. Château de Chambord Chambord, France begun 1519
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Château de Chambord
Chambord, France
begun 1519

49. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

50. The architect who designed the Square Court of the Louvre was Pierre Lescot and the sculptor who ornamented the facade was Jean Goujon.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pierre Lescot and Jean Goujon
west façade of the Square Court Louvre
Paris, France
begun 1546

51. Each of the stories forms a complete order.
Features of the facade of the Louvre courtyard that are derived from the Italian Renaissance and those that are essentially French.
Italian:
Each of the stories forms a complete order.
The cornices project enough to create a strong horizontal accent.
The arcading on the ground floor resembles the ancient Roman use of arches.
French:
The decreased height of the stories.
The scale of the windows (proportionately much larger than in Renaissance buildings).
The steep roof.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pierre Lescot and Jean Goujon
west façade of the Square Court Louvre
Paris, France
begun 1546

52. Figura serpentina poses. They are in a confined, unspecified space.
Three characteristics of Goujon’s Nymphs from the Fountain of the Innocents, noting which seem to be related to Italian Mannerism:
Figura serpentina poses.
They are in a confined, unspecified space.
They appear to make one continuous motion, an illusion produced by reversing the gestures, as they might be seen in a mirror.
Jean Goujon
Nymphs from the dismantled Fountain of the Innocents
Paris, France
marble reliefs each 6 ft. 4 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 4 3/4 in.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

53. Nymphs from the reconstructed Fountain of the Innocents Paris, France
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Jean Goujon
Nymphs from the reconstructed Fountain of the Innocents
Paris, France
marble reliefs each 6 ft. 4 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 4 3/4 in.

54. Netherlandish Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

55. Features of Jan Gossaert Neptune and Amphitrite are classical:
Neptune is shown with his aspect, the trident, and wearing a laurel wreath and an ornate conch shell. The figures both stand in a contrapposto stance.
Which are not:
The poses are derived from Dürer’s Fall of Man. The painting is executed with Netherlandish polish.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Jan Gossaert (Mabuse)
Neptune and Amphitrite
ca oil on panel 7 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 1 in.

56. Religious life: Economic Life:
References to the spiritual world in the prayer book, the carafe with water, and the candlestick. There are two small vignettes referring to the balance this couple must establish between their worldly existence and their spiritual commitment: two men gossiping, and the reflection of a man reading a prayer book in front of a church steeple.
Economic Life:
A professional man is shown transacting business, with the setting and objects suggesting a fidelity to observable fact.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Quentin Massys
Money-Changer and His Wife
1514 oil on panel 7 ft. 3 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 2 3/8 in.

57. Money-Changer and His Wife
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Quentin Massys
Money-Changer and His Wife
1514 oil on panel 7 ft. 3 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 2 3/8 in.

58. Pieter Aertsen Meat Still-Life
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pieter Aertsen
Meat Still-Life
1551 oil on panel 4 ft. 3/8 in. x 6 ft. 5 3/4 in.

59. Three religious features found in Aertsen’s Meat Still Life:
In the background, Joseph leads a donkey carrying Mary and the Holy Child. The crossed fishes, pretzels, and wine all refer to “spiritual food.” They are contrasted to symbols of gluttony and lust in the oysters and mussel shells, which are shown just under an outdoor scene of people carousing.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pieter Aertsen
Meat Still-Life
1551 oil on panel 4 ft. 3/8 in. x 6 ft. 5 3/4 in.

60. The Self-Portrait by Caterina van Hemessen is purportedly the first known self-portrait by a European woman.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Caterina van Hemessen
Self-Portrait
1548 oil on panel 12 3/4 x 9 7/8 in.

61. Lavina Teerlinc worked as a royal portraitist in England.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Levina Teerlinc
Elizabeth I as a Princess
ca oil on oak panel 3 ft. 6 3/4 x 2 ft. 8 1/4 in.

62. Three characteristics of Bruegel's landscape paintings:
Human activities remain the dominant theme.
He did not include classical elements in his paintings.
The landscape is recorded in an optically accurate manner.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pieter Breugel the Elder
Hunters in the Snow
1565 oil on panel 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 4 in.

63. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

64. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

65. Pieter Breugel the Elder Netherlandish Proverbs
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pieter Breugel the Elder
Netherlandish Proverbs
1559 oil on panel 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 4 1/8 in.

66. Pieter Breughel “the Elder” The Triumph of Death
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pieter Breughel “the Elder”
The Triumph of Death
ca oil on board 46 x 63 3/4 in.

67. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

68. Pieter Breughel “the Elder” The Triumph of Death
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pieter Breughel “the Elder”
The Triumph of Death
ca oil on board 46 x 63 3/4 in.

69. Spanish Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

70. Slide concept by William V
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71. Colegio de San Gregorio Valladolid, Spain
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Colegio de San Gregorio
Valladolid, Spain
ca. 1498

72. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

73. courtyard of the palace of Charles V Alhambra, Granada, Spain
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pedro Machucha
courtyard of the palace of Charles V
Alhambra, Granada, Spain ca

74. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

75. The style of the building:
It has a gridlike plan, classical Doric severity, simplicity of form and majesty without ostentation. Only the three entrances break the long sweep of the severely plain walls. Massive square towers punctuate the four corners. The stress is on the central axis and the granite used for the building conveys a feeling of starkness and gravity. The effect is of overwhelming strength and weight.
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Juan de Herrera
Escorial
near Madrid, Spain ca

76. Juan de Herrera Escorial near Madrid, Spain ca. 1563-1584
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Juan de Herrera
Escorial
near Madrid, Spain ca

77. Juan de Herrera Escorial near Madrid, Spain ca. 1563-1584
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Juan de Herrera
Escorial
near Madrid, Spain ca

78. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

79. Describe two elements that point toward the Baroque.
Describe two purely personal stylistic traits that are found in El Greco's work.
Elongated undulating figures matched with abstractions and distortions to show the immaterial nature of the Heavenly realm.
The figures are bathed in a cool light of uncertain origin and float in an undefined space.
Describe two elements that point toward the Baroque.
His strong sense of movement.
His use of light.
Describe two elements of El Greco's style that seem to be related to Italian Mannerism.
Intense emotionalism.
Great reliance on color.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulous)
The Burial of Count Orgaz
1586 oil on canvas 16 x 12 ft.

80. El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulous) View of Toledo
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulous)
View of Toledo
1586 oil on canvas 47 3/4 x 42 3/4 in.

81. El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulous) Mary Magdalene in Penitence
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulous)
Mary Magdalene in Penitence
1577 oil on canvas 42 1/2 x 39 7/8 in.

82. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.