1. Energy Management Opportunities with Energy Efficient Lighting

2. Your panelists
Benefits, Technologies & Services: Mike Carter and Mark Farrell, Energy Engineers

3. Lighting webinar benefits
Bottom line cost savings today!
Comfortable speaking with customers
Knowledge of terms and pros/cons
Awareness of energy efficiency opportunities
(4.89)
30.4%
Large Office Building

4. Contents Energy Basics Fundamentals of Light Lighting Technologies
Lighting Controls
Lighting Maintenance
Business Solutions Toolkit
Incentives/Rebates

5. Energy basics Power versus Energy
Kilowatt (kW) is a measure of power, like the speedometer of your car that records the rate at which miles are traveled.
A bigger engine is required to travel at a faster rate.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energy consumption, like the odometer on your car (miles).
Energy cost = power (kW) x time (hrs) x price = kWh x $/kWh
A 113-watt four lamp light fixture costs about $66 annually when operating 16 hr/day (113 W x 5,840 hr x $0.10/kWh ÷ 1,000 W/kW).
Source: stock.xchng
Source: Commonwealth of Kentucky

6. Lights do not consume more energy when they are first turned on.
Energy basics
Lights do not consume more energy when they are first turned on.
Includes high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting.
Pay the price for improved energy efficiency!
The operating cost over the lifetime of a light fixture can far exceed the original purchase price.

7. Fundamentals of light
Lumens—A measure of the perceived power of light.
Constant output regardless of distance from source.
Foot-candle—One lumen of light distributed over a square foot area.
Depends on the distance from the light source.
Does not hold for focused fixtures like flood lamps.
Can be measured using light meter.

8. Lighting has many metrics.
Lighting comparison
Lighting has many metrics.
60-watt incandescent ~ 850 lumens (100 CRI) ~ 14 lpw efficacy
32-watt T8 fluorescent ~ 2,800 lumens (83 CRI) ~ 88 lpw
400-watt metal halide ~ 24,000 lumens (65 CRI) ~ 60 lpw
400-watt high-pressure sodium ~ 45,000 lumens (22 CRI) ~ 112 lpw

9. Incandescent / halogen
90% heat and 10% light (10 to 17 lumens per watt)
Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 establishes higher minimum efficiency standards for incandescent reflector lamps (R lamps).
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR#) lamps
BR# (Bulged) and ER# (Ellipsoidal)
# —the diameter of the widest part of the lamp in eighths of an inch (R20 = 20/8 = 2.5" diameter)
EISA applies to > 2.25 " diameter

10. Incandescent / halogen
Flood lights
Beam angle encompasses that part of the beam that varies from peak | brightness down to 50% of that intensity as measured in a plane through the nominal beam centerline.
New halogen bulbs offer up to 30% energy savings, instant on, no mercury, 100 CRI, and compliance with EISA 2007.
Philips Halogena® Energy Saver/Energy Advantage (3,000 hrs)
Sylvania Halogen SuperSaver® (1,000 hrs)
GE Edison™ (2,500 hrs)
Source: Philips Lighting

11. Fluorescent Historical timeline 1838—Michael Faraday’s glow tubes
1850s—Glass-blower Heinrich Geissler
1880s—Alexandre E. Becquerel coated tubes
1893—Nikola Tesla induction tubes
1896—Thomas Edison patented x-ray lamp
1890s—Daniel McFarlane Moore
1901—Peter Cooper Hewitt mercury vapor lamp
1927—Edmund Germer patent
1936—GE’s George E. Inman patent
1938—First commercial fluorescent tubes

12. Fluorescent Nomenclature (FxxT#)
F—fluorescent
Fxx—wattage (rapid start) or length (instant start)
T- tubular; U—curved/bent
Circline—circle
T#—diameter in eighths of an inch
Ballast Factor (BF)—ratio of output compared to reference ballast (not energy efficiency measure)
Affects both watts and lumens
Ranges from 0.6 to 1.3
Fluorescent light emission is a chain reaction.

13. Fluorescent T8 Types (Generations) Type Name Watts Lumens CRI
Life (hrs, 000s) 1G
700 Series, Basic
32 W
2,800
75-78
15-20 2G
800 Series
2,850 -3,000
82-86
24-30 3G
Super, HO
2, ,200 4G
Reduced Wattage, Energy Savers
23 W 25 W 28 W 30 W
2,000 2,400 2,750 2,850
Temp. sensitive, Instant start only

14. Fluorescent
Super T8 lamps, with high-efficiency ballasts, are high-lumen (>3000 versus 2,850 standard) and extended life (>24,000 versus 20,000 hours standard) products.
Only saves energy when combined with a lower ballast factor ballast.
T5 series (good for indirect lighting like suspended lighting).
Type
Initial Lumens
Watts
Ballast Factor
Fixture Lumens
Fixture Watts
LPW T8
2,950 33
0.85
2,496 28 89
Super T8
3,200 34
0.78 26 96
Type
Initial Lumens
Watts
LPW
Life T5
2,900
28 W
104
24,000 hours
T5HO
5,000
54 W 93

15. Fluorescent
T8 versus T5
T5s (smaller diameter and shorter) not interchangeable with T8s.
Six F32T8s equivalent to four F54T5HO.
T5s have lower mercury content than T8s.
T5 lumen maintenance better at higher ambient temperatures but worse in cold.
Holophane IntelliBay™ & IntelliVue™
Lithonia I-BEAM™ System
Source: RPI Lighting Research Center

16. Four-lamp T12 versus T8 Fixtures
Fluorescent
Replace existing T12 fluorescent lamps with T8 fluorescent lamps (up to 30% savings).
Start modes
Programmed start (in series)
Long preheat shuts down after start (up to 50,000 cycles).
Can be wired in parallel
Rapid start (in series)
Simultaneous preheat stays on all the time (15,000 to 20,000 cycles).
Identified by 2-wires from ballast to each end of lamp.
Instant start (in parallel)
No-preheat; high-voltage start (10,000 to 15,000 cycles).
Identified by 1-wire from ballast to each end of lamp.
Not good with occupancy sensors (<30 minute burn).
Four-lamp T12 versus T8 Fixtures
Lamp Type
Fixture Watts
Fixture Lumens
LPW
F32T12
148
9,120 62
F32T8
113
10,600 94

17. Fluorescent Fluorescent ballasts Magnetic (60 Hz)
Core and coil
Electronic (20 to 60 kHz)
10% to 15% more efficient
NEMA Premium® Ballasts even better
All ballasts consume power even without lamps (2-lamp example).
Electronic consumes 6 to 12 watts loaded and 3 to 7 watts open circuit.
Magnetic consumes 18 to 20 watts loaded and 6 to 10 watts open circuit.
Regulatory driver for electronic ballasts (T8 and T5 lamps)
No magnetic ballasts manufactured for replacement after June 2010.
2009 DOE Energy Regulations—Beginning July 14, 2012, these regulations effectively eliminate most 4-ft T12, 8-ft (F96) T12 lamps, and 700 series (1st generation) T8 lamps

18. Fluorescent Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for High-bay
Probe start (PS) MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%) is best target for replacement.
EISA2007 imparts higher performance standards for PS MH.
The lumen maintenance of metal halides can decrease to 45% during its lifetime, whereas fluorescents maintain 90% to 95% in optimal conditions.
Comparison
One PS MH with 20,000 EOL lumens at 320 system watts
Six F32T8 with 18,000 EOL lumens at 220 system watts
Remember—lumen output of fluorescents declines with heat/cold.

19. Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL)
You get the same or more light output (lumens) with a 75% energy reduction and over six times the rated life!
Up to 9,000 lumen output at 120 watts (PL-H high 4-pin)
Energy savings far outweigh difference in lamp price.
Power factor is typically 0.6, but power savings far outweighs low power factor.
Issue of mercury content can be addressed.
Use reflector flood CFLs (R-CFLs) in recessed can lights.
Consider aluminum reflector CFL PAR lamps.
Globes
Candelabra
Source: NREL

20. Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL) Twister
Single, double (T), triple (TR), quadruple (Q) twin-tube (turns)
Integral ballast screw-in
Modular external ballast pin-based
Gxx where xx is pin center-to-center dimension (G23 has 23mm dimension)
G23q where “q” means quad-pin base
G23d-x where “d-x” means the number of tubes (turns)
2-pin with integral starter requires magnetic preheat ballast
4-pin (quad) with external starter usually electronic ballast

21. Fluorescent Induction (electrodeless) lighting
High-frequency magnetron microwave power generator, magnetic field coupling device (antenna), and phosphor coated tube.
Up to 100,000 hour rated lamp life
Lumen maintenance 70% at 60,000 hours
Efficacy of 70 to 75 lumens per watt
Best applications have high labor cost.
Parking garages
Cold-storage rooms
Inaccessible roadway tunnels and underpasses
Illumination of roadway signs and inaccessible advertisement boards
Lighting over stairs or escalator wells
Open mall atriums or ceilings in "big box" retail areas
Pole-mounted luminaires for dusk-to-dawn illumination on a campus
Industry, petrochemical, and offshore applications
Source: Osram Endura/Sylvania IcetronTM Electrodeless Lamp

22. High Intensity Discharge
Low Pressure Sodium
Most energy efficient lighting source
Not an arc source, so no glare
0 to 20 CRI
High Pressure Sodium
Arc source with (20 to 65 CRI)
310 W and 360 W replacements exist for 400 W
Electronic ballasts 5 to 20 W versus 50 to 70 W magnetic

23. High Intensity Discharge
Metal Halide
Arc source with 60 to 95 CRI
Quartz or ceramic transparent tubes
Ceramic (polycrystalline alumina—PCA) offers better lumen maintenance, color rendering (95 versus 65 CRI), and color stability.
Can operate on HPS ballasts (direct lamp replacement).
Smaller Size <150W HID Ballasts
Generally 50% smaller in size (3" x 1.3" x 1.1") and lighter weight than standard magnetic ballasts
Self-ballasted PAR30LN and PAR38 (1,200 initial lumens) CMH lamps replace 74W and 120W halogen bulbs
Source: Osram-Sylvania

24. High Intensity Discharge
Sustained arc vs. fluorescent phosphor emission
Strike time (minutes)
Type
Watts
Lumens
Lumen Maintenance
LPW
CRI
Life (hrs)
Mercury Vapor*
1,000 W
47,500
65% 30 40
24,000
Low Pressure Sodium
135 W
22,000
>95%
150 10
18,000
High Pressure Sodium
400 W
45,000
75% 85
24,000+
Metal Halide**
452 W
40,000
70% 65
20,000
*Ballasts banned by EPAct **Position dependent MV
LPS
HPS
MH Probe
MH Pulse
Warm up
4-7
7-15
1-4
2-15
Restrike
3-6 1
0.5-1
5-20
2-8

25. High Intensity Discharge
Radio Frequency Lighting
Luxim LiFi™ or Light Emitting Plasma™ (LEP)
An ac/dc converter generates an RF signal that is transmitted by a special cable to a quartz lamp embedded in a dielectric material.
Pemco Lighting Products STA luminaire
273 system watts
23,000 initial lumens
5,500K CCT/80 CRI
50,000 hour rated life
Dimmable to 20%
Source: Luxim

26. Solid state lighting Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Electrical current driver circuit instead of ballast.
Relatively low lumens per watt (30 to 35 lpw) historically, but now 45 to 60 lpw.
Long life; years, not hours.
70% lumen maintenance at 50,000 hours of operation.
Frequent switching does not affect rated life for LEDs as it does for fluorescents.
Directional nature of LED results in very high luminaire efficacy.
Very compact and low-profile.
Nothing to “break.”
No abrupt failure mode.
Source: NIST

27. Solid state lighting Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Instant on (no warm-up time required).
Does generate harmonics, but no reported problems.
Some built-in surge and noise protection.
Expensive initial cost.
Heat sensitive.
Exit Signs
Annual operating costs of $5 compared to $30 to $40 for incandescent or fluorescent.
Compatible with battery backup (traffic lights).
Source: stock.xchng

28. Lighting controls Occupancy sensors Daylighting
Skylights/lightpipes, clerestory windows, or roof monitors.
Energy savings can range from about $0.25/ft2 to $0.50/ft2, depending on the building type, location, office area plan, and local cost of energy.
Photosensor layout is important.
Source: LightLouver LLC
Occupancy sensors
Ultrasonic has wider range than infrared but is prone to false positives.
Can shorten life of fluorescents with instant start ballast.
$30 to $150 cost.
2-year payback is normal.

29. Lighting controls Dimming
A solid-state dimmer works by using silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs).
Radio frequency interference (RFI) can be a problem.
Greatly increases bulb life for incandescent/halogens.
Requires special dimming ballast for fluorescents.
3-wire, 2-wire, or 4-wire.
Energy savings fairly linear with fluorescents.
Continuous or bi-level dimming
HID lighting limited to 50% to 60% dimming.
Two-level for magnetic ballasts (non-linear energy savings).
Continuous for electronic ballasts (energy savings linear).
Lamp life degrades if dimming to less than 60% level.

30. Lighting controls Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
A royalty-free, non-proprietary, two-way, open and interoperable digital protocol.
The Gateway broadcasts commands to all digital ballasts across the signal cabling that connects the ballasts in parallel.
A ballast only responds when the message contains its specific address.
Sixteen programmable scenarios and groups stored in the ballast.

31. Wireless Mesh Networks
Lighting controls
Wireless Mesh Networks
Redundant
Joining
Healing
Spatial diversity
Different routes
Temporal diversity
Try again later
Source: Dust Networks

32. Lighting maintenance
Nine components of a good lighting maintenance program*:
Group relamping
Know your equipment
Focusing and adjustment
Verify lamp types and wattage
Verify color temperature
Confirm that everything is in working order
Watch for compatibility issues
Get rid of dirt
Do not forget exterior lighting
*"Everything You Need to Know About Maintaining Your Lighting System," by Jean Sundin, founder of Office for Visual Interaction, Inc.

33. Lighting maintenance
Group relamping recommended at 60% to 80% of rated life.
Every 2 to 3 years for 20,000 hour fluorescents.
Can be 30% to 40% cheaper to group relamp due to labor savings.
Easier to schedule and outsource than spot relamping.
Reduces improper mixing of different types of lamps.
Normally done outside working hours.
Lighting failure modes
Heat
Voltage transients
Vibration
Bad electrical connection
Improper cycling

34. The Business Solutions Toolkit
Reduce energy expenditures with free, online tools
Energy benchmark data by business segment
Efficiency recommendations by business segment
Lighting, motor and other energy calculators
Facility energy assessment… plus more
Get energy answers with live Web resources
“Ask an Expert” service supplies direct answers to energy questions
Searchable Energy Library and News resources
Monthly electronic newsletter delivered to your box

35. How to access the Toolkit
Links found on the Pacific Power website
Can access direct at pacificpower.net/toolkit
Register to use the Toolkit and you will receive our monthly newsletter

36. What is in the Toolkit

37. Online business tools pacificpower.net/toolkit

38. Pacific Power FinAnswer Express
FinAnswer Express is for commercial and industrial customers– either retrofit or new construction
Pre-calculated incentives for high-efficiency lighting and HVAC equipment
Custom incentives may be available for other types of equipment
Incentive process (pre-purchase agreement or post purchase application) varies by technology and project type
Please understand the process before you purchase!
Check our website for on-line forms plus trade allies available to help
Also check for state and federal tax incentives at dsireusa.org

39. Pacific Power Energy FinAnswer
Applies to comprehensive commercial or industrial projects– either new construction or commercial retrofit*
Lighting and non-lighting projects can be packaged
Starts with an energy analysis to identify options and highest priority measures
Commissioning is required for most measures
Incentives are project-based
Payable by one-time lump sum check, per project
Incentive agreement must be signed before equipment is purchased
Check our website for participation steps and online forms
*Commercial retrofit projects must be at least 20,000 sq. ft. to be eligible

40. Contacts For more information please phone us: Visit our website at:
Call your Business Solutions Team for answers to service and account questions at
Visit our website at:
Business program Web page –
pacificpower.net/business
Business Solutions Toolkit –
pacificpower.net/toolkit
Or contact us directly: us
Use our online inquiry form – pacificpower.net/inquiry
Call our business Energy Services Hotline at
Also visit the Energy Trust of Oregon website at energytrust.org
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