1. S EGREGATION AND S OCIAL T ENSIONS Chapter 12, Section 1

2. F ACING D ISCRIMINATION For each of the following groups, identify examples of discrimination and setbacks they faced. African Americans Limitation of voting rights Grandfather clause = allowed a man to vote if their ancestors had voted prior to 1866. Literacy tests = had to prove enough understanding to be able to vote. Poll tax = a tax in order to vote. What amendment did these violate? 14 th amendment

3. N EW L AWS IN F AVOR OF S EGREGATION New laws that forced segregation Jim Crow laws = laws that kept African Americans separated from whites. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) = as long as states maintain separate but equal facilities, Jim Crow laws could remain.

4. C HINESE Chinese Where did the Chinese reside/where was their discrimination the greatest? the West How did Chinese immigrants try and gain rights? By suing for them in courts.

5. M EXICAN A MERICANS Mexican-Americans Most of the conflict between white settlers and Mexican Americans came from disputes over land, specifically those lost with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. How were Mexican Americans prevented from regaining their land? Had to prove in court that the land belonged to them; White settlers often used political connections to put down Mexicans.

6. W OMEN Women such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton had pushed for the addition of women to the 14 th amendment.

7. F IGHTING FOR R IGHTS African Americans How did these prominent African Americans combat discrimination? Booker T. Washington: believed that African Americans should establish themselves economically first. W.E.B. Du Bois: wanted full and immediate citizenship; promoted the onus of African Americans. Ida B. Wells: wrote newspaper articles and made speeches against lynching.

8. W OMEN Women In what aspects of society did women make gains? Reform movements: most notably the Womens Christian Temperance Union. More women started going to college.

9. P OLITICAL AND E CONOMIC C HALLENGES Chapter 12, Section 2

10. C ORRUPTION P LAGUES N ATIONAL P OLITICS Government was often based on the spoils system, or rewarding political supporters with jobs. Who was the first to employ this method? Andrew Jackson Americans wanted a more honest government, so there was a push for reform Civil service = jobs in the executive branch would be achieved through skills and knowledge.

11. C ORRUPTION P LAGUES N ATIONAL P OLITICS Reform, though was not successful until the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) was passed. What did it begin? Civil Service Commission writes an exam Individuals must take exam to be considered for gov. job.

12. E CONOMIC I SSUES C HALLENGE THE N ATION The debate over tariffs had long divided Democrats and Republicans. Why did Republicans want tariffs? Protect American business from foreign competition. Why did Democrats not want tariffs? Argued that tariffs drove up the price of goods.

13. E CONOMIC I SSUES C HALLENGE THE N ATION The government had backed up money using gold, known as the gold standard. However, with the passage of the Coinage Act of 1873, silver also began being minted for money. This debate over whether or not to use two metals for monetary production became known as bi- metallism.