1. European Championship in Forestry for Pupils and Students
First Aid
European Championship in Forestry for Pupils and Students

2. Burns
Burns and scalds are caused by contact with hot objects, naked flames, heat radiation, hot vapours and liquids, and by contact with electric current. Burns cause deep tissue damage on varying degrees.
Symptoms and signs
The degree of the burn can never be assessed at first sight, as symptoms develop only gradually.

3. Burns are classified as follows:
First degree: reddening, swelling, pain
Second degree: blister formation-
- Superficial burns: intense pain
- Deep burns: little pain, only sensation of tenseness
Third degree: eschar formation, charring

4. Danger
Three possible complications threaten the casualty’s life:
Shock:
Circulation failure within a few hours. In extensive burns blood plasma escapes from the blood stream into the tissue. The loss of plasma leads (like severe blood loss) to shock, enhanced by the pain from the burn.
Clinical Features:
The severity of the burn does not only depend on the extent of tissue damage. The consequences of shock from the burn injuries and the overall constitutional upset caused the burn are far more dangerous. Kidney and lung function might be impaired or fail altogether.
Infection:
Germ invasion of the burnt area results in life-threatening
infection and delays healing, and might even cause a tetanus infection.

5. First Aid When clothes are on fire, extinguish the flames at once
Prohibit the person from rushing about with burning clothes
Make him/her roll on the ground
Smother the flames by wrapping clothes, blankets or garments around him/her
Pour water over the casualty/immerse in water.
If you use a fire extinguisher do not direct it to the casualty’s face and keep a certain distance.
Some types of fire extinguishers must not be used on persons. Therefore pay attention to the instructions on the fire extinguisher available.
Remove clothing carefully – do not tear off clothes sticking to the skin.

6. Apply cold water
Hold the burnt part immediately under cold, clean running water (10 to 15 min) to combat shock and to reduce heat and pain, until pain subsides.
Extensive burns have to be treated with cold water within the first 30 minutes while circulation is still intact, as later the danger of shock increases.
Cover the burn injuries with sterile material, such as burn dressings (pack), burn bandages, metallized dressings, if nothing else available, use clean bed sheets.
Further shock treatment
Emergency call – As soon as possible Euro emergency call 112

7. Fractures
A fracture is a break of a bone caused by direct or indirect violence. The tensile strength and bending ability of the bone are exceeded and the bone breaks.
There are two main types of fractures:
Fracture without any visible wound (closed fracture)
Fracture with visible wound at the site of the broken bone (open fracture).
Symptoms and signs
Pain, swelling, pain-relieving stance
Movement is difficult or impossible
Deformity (abnormal shape and outline of the bone)
Wounds

8. First Aid
Do not move the affected arm.
In case of an open fracture immediately apply a sterile dressing.
Loosen tight clothing, remove wrist-watches and rings.
Immobilize the broken arm with a sling formed of an open triangular bandage
Support with a ‘broad-fold-bandage’ or a second open triangular bandage.
Treat for shock
Emergency call – As soon as possible Euro emergency call 112

9. Broken leg
First Aid
Do not move the injured leg.
Loosen tight clothing, shoelaces, etc., but do not take the shoes off.
In case of an open fracture, immediately apply a sterile dressing.
Immobilize the limb by supporting it with suitable padding between the legs.
Treat for shock.
Emergency call - As soon as possible
Euro emergency call 112

10. Severe bleeding Symptoms and signs
Severe bleeding: Blood spurts from a wound or escapes in gushes and in a considerable quantity of blood is lost within a very short period of time
A pool of blood (on an impermeable surface) could be evidence for considerable blood loss.
Blood-soaked clothing
First Aid
Controlling bleeding is an essential life-saving measure.
The method of controlling bleeding depends on the severity of the bleeding and thus the blood loss, not on the type of bleeding.
Almost every visible strong bleeding can be stopped by sufficiently strong external pressure on the source of the bleeding.
Avoid direct contact with the blood (use disposable gloves).

11. Stop the bleeding by finger pressure:
Sit or lay the casualty down,
Press a sterile dressing onto the severely bleeding wound
Maintain pressure until the ambulance arrives.
Emergency call – As soon as possible Euro emergency call112

12. Major bleeding - pressure bandage

13. pressure bandage

14. Possibilities of haemostasis
finger pressure
Pressure dressing is carried out in the first aid by means of sterile dressing, pressure body (triangular bandage, gauze bandages, ..) and an elastic bandage as fixing

15. Major bleeding - pressure bandage
ensure safety
sit or lie down injured
look for bandages and gloves, dial emergency select and press firmly against the wound
Pressure bandage
Based measures perform

16. Shock
The purpose of blood circulation is to provide the whole body, especially all vital organs, with blood and thus with oxygen.
In circulatory malfunctions – caused, for instance, by blood loss, by serious injuries, extensive burns, poisonings, severe allergies and heart rhythm disorders – the vital organs receive less blood which results in insufficient oxygen supply.
Initially this leads to functional disorders, subsequently to permanent organ damage- resulting in organ failure – and eventually to death.
Pain might enhance this circulatory disorder = shock.
Shock is not an immediate reaction, but develops gradually and may rapidly become life-threatening .
The earlier shock is treated, the better.
Consequently shock treatment should be performed as a preventive measure before the shock actually occurs.
Therefore it is necessary to treat every emergency patient for shock until the ambulance arrives.

17. Symptoms and signs
The following symptoms do not all appear and not at the same time, because the shock develops gradually:
Apathy or, on the contrary, conspicuous restlessness
Pulse is rapid and shallow
Pallor and moist, clammy skin
Muscle tremor
Danger
When the shock becomes life-threatening, the casualty turns ashen and becomes increasingly listless.
He is only semi-conscious, no pulse is felt at his wrist, unconsciousness, impaired breathing (gasping) sets in, and eventually death may occur due to circulatory failure.

18. First Aid
Shock treatment aims at supporting and maintaining the vital functions (breathing and circulation) by:
Swift, exact control of bleeding
Treatment of wounds (e.g. application of cold water on burns or chemical burns)
Placing the casualty or patient in a position causing as little pain as possible, depending on his condition (e.g. flat on his back, legs raised, half-sitting,etc.),
Loosening tight clothing,
Keeping the casualty warm,
Providing fresh air, if indoors,
Making the casualty breathe slowly and deeply,
Shielding the casualty from excitement,
Reassuring and comforting the casualty,
Emergency call – As soon as possible Euro emergency call 112

19. Triangular bandages:
Triangular bandages are used to secure sterilized dressings. A triangular bandage can be used to make simple bandages everywhere on the body.
When applying a triangular bandage,
the casualty should, if possible, help by holding the wound dressing or the triangular bandage in place.
Never tie knots over the wound or in areas
where they might cause pain by pressure.
Do not tighten the knots too firmly.
Head Bandage Step1
Head Bandage Step2
Head Bandage Step3
Head Bandage Step4

20. Wounds First Aid Sit or lay the casualty down
Cover the wound with a sterile dressing
Avoid direct contact with the blood (use disposable gloves)
Do not touch the wound
Do not cleanse or disinfect the wound
Do not apply any ointments, powder or other remedies.
Leave foreign objects in the wound
Immobilize the injured part
Call the doctor or get the casualty to hospital, if possible at once, but within 6 hours

21. Different placings Chest injuries Open tight clothes
If possible, place the casualty in an almost half-sitting position turning him to his injured side
Treat for shock
Emergency call
As soon as possible
Euro emergency call112

22. Abdominal injuries
Lie the casualty down with legs drawn up and support his knees with a rolled blanket or garnment.
Emergency call – As soon as possible Euro emergency call 112

23. Skull injuries
If necessary, take immediate life-saving action.
Cover the wound – do not apply any pressure to the wound
Lie the casualty down with raisen head and thorax, if he is conscious.
If he is unconscious,
turn him to his uninjured side.
Exception: if the skull is dented or broken, the casualty should lie on the uninjured side.
Further shock treatment.
Emergency call – As soon as possible Euro emergency call112

24. Spinal column injury
At the suspicion on an injury of the spinal column the casualty should be left in the found situation.
If the casualty is in a danger area (salvage) or is he unconscious
(check heart function and circulation),
of course this isn't possible
Emergency call – As soon as possible Euro emergency call112