2. Shoo Fly, Dont Infect Me! Mechanical Vectors of Bacterial GI Diseases Liz Melton March 9 th, 2012

3. Coincides with Vector Habitat/Behavior: -latrines (human and animal feces) -unsanitary overcrowding -refugee/prisoner of war camps -areas with inadequate screening techniques -on dead corpses -unfiltered garbage composts www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/mdg2007.pdf HUMANITARIAN CRISIS – Mechanical Transmission

4. What is Mechanical Transmission? a form of indirect transmission in which the infectious agent does not undergo physiologic changes inside the vector (CDC definition) Hinshaw, J. (Photographer). (2000). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2000/oct/Janet-Hinshaw/Larval-Therapy-Human-and- Veterinary.html. Examples: *fly-borne cockroach-borne coprophagic beetle-borne

5. Common Mechanical Vectors House Flies Filth Flies Blowfly Cockroaches Orangeacid. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/orangeacid/189512184/siz es/z/in/photostream/. Lerlind. (Photographer). [Photograph] Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lerlind/3 520284423/sizes/z/in/photostream/. Keiding J. The houseflybiology and control. Training and information guide (advanced level). Geneva, World Health Organization, 1986 (unpublished document WHO/VBC/ 86.937; available on request from Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).

6. Characteristics: Common Cockroach -5-73 mm in length -2 pair of wings -flattened appearance -yellow/brown color -agile -exhibits endophagic behavior -active at night, in latrines *RESPONSIBLE FOR: Diarrheal diseases Typhoid fever Dysentery Hinshaw, J. (Photographer). (2000). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2000/oct/Janet- Hinshaw/Larval-Therapy-Human-and-Veterinary.html.

7. Egypt Scenario METHODS: 1) Surveyed residential areas in Khaldyia Village, Egypt 2009 – 2010 45 cockroaches collected in control, 178 total collected Flies from human feces also observed 1) Parasites isolated/identified from defecation areas in and around houses The role of cockroaches and flies in mechanical transmission of medically important parasites Journal of Entomology and Nematology, Gehad T. El-Sherbini and Eman T. El-Sherbini, 2011 (Photograph). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.cockroachesextermination.info/?f.

8. RESULTS: -Cockroaches trapped in the toilets of: houses with pit latrines: 98 parasites/ml houses with water system: 31 parasites/ml -Pathogens isolated from external and internal surface of 98% of test cockroaches Egypt Scenario Ric_k. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ric_k/3196975264/sizes/z/in/photostream/.

9. Thailand Scenario THE MAJORITY OF COCKROACHES FROM THE SAMUTPRAKARN PROVINCE OF THAILAND ARE CARRIERS OF PARASITIC ORGANISMS Pennapa Chamavit, Panupong Sahaisook, Nunthawadee Niamnuy, EXCLI Journal 2011 METHODS: 1)920 cockroaches obtained in Samutprakarn province of Thailand 18 open-air shopping markets in 5 districts, 1 subdistrict captured during feeding, natural habitat 1)Conducted wet smear/modified acid- fast bacilli staining identified pathogens Corbie. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/crow/401136434/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

10. RESULTS: -498/920 (54.1%) of the cockroaches harbored parasitic organisms **Cockroaches isolated from these markets are carriers of several organisms: cause commonly found symptoms of illness such as diarrhea or bowel disorder Thailand Scenario Gusthed. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bokage/5570904814/.

11. > 50 species of synanthropic flies correlated with unsanitary conditions 21 species of filth flies transmit human gastrointestinal diseases ALL disseminate human pathogens in the environment breed in: animal manure human excrement garbage animal bedding decaying organic matter Flies as Mechanical Vectors **350 fly species in 29 families are associated with food-borne diseases** UNICEF Bangladesh. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/unicefbangladesh/6791300900/sizes/z/in/photostream/.

12. Characteristics: Musca domestica -6-7 mm long, grey color -marked by 4 dark longitudinal stripes -breed in animal/human excrement or domestic organic waste -land, breed, and feed on feces and human food *RESPONSIBLE FOR: Infantile diarrhea Shigellosis diarrhea Dysentery Typhoid

13. Indian Housefly Scenario Vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) in the transmission of Vibrio cholerae in India R. Fotedar, Acta Tropica, 2001 METHODS: 1)Small village 15 km away from Delhi city outbreak of diarrhea 1)150 houseflies captured with sterilized nets from animal pens, yards or houses 1)Collect stool samples from 50 patients within 24 hrs of illness, before anti-microbial Praline 3001. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/praline3001/6672614287/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

14. RESULTS: -60% fly pools were positive for V. cholerae -during outbreak: V. cholerae Ogawa T2 El Tor isolated from stools of patients suffering from diarrhoea **Houseflies act as mechanical vectors of V. cholerae biotype El Tor, and aid in dissemination Indian Housefly Scenario Medicinssansfrontieres. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/medecinssansfrontieres/3085562538/sizes/z/in/photostream/.

15. Hospital Housefly Scenario METHODS: 1)Collect Musca domestica from: surgical ward (All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital) remote residential area 5 km away as a control 1)A total of 113 flies were collected: 65 from a surgical ward (test) 48 from a residential area (comparison) The housefly (Musca domestica) as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms in a hospital environment R. Fotedar, U. Banerjee,, S. Singh, Shriniwas and A. K. Verma, Journal of Hospital Infection, 1992 Gusthed. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bokage/5521594305/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

16. Hospital Housefly Scenario RESULTS: -10 genera of bacteria isolated from the test group, 9 from control group -the load of bacteria carried by the test group of flies was significantly more **House flies therefore may act as vectors of potentially pathogenic bacteria in a hospital environment. Cardiff Biossi Imaging. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/biosi- imaging/5517090693/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

17. Musca sorbens -resides in tropical areas -breed in human feces -feed on the secretion produced by eyes of people, especially children. -6 mm long, grey -2 dark stripes on the thorax. Characteristics: *RESPONSIBLE FOR: diarrheal diseases transmission of the eye disease trachoma

18. Chrysomya spp. -worldwide distribution -breeds in open latrines, garbage, animal excrement -compact body, measuring 10 mm -shiny blue or green Characteristics: *RESPONSIBLE FOR: Diarrheal diseases Dysentery Intestinal worm eggs

19. Fly Life Cycle MANTRA: food, feces, flies, feces Sir Richard Feachem, KBE, FREng, DSc(Med), PhD, Director, The Global Health Group, Professor of Global Health UCSF Four Stages: 1)Egg 2)Maggot 3)Pupa 4)Adult Photograph by: Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska - LincolnPhotograph by: Jerry F. Butler, University of Florida Photograph by: Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska – Lincoln

20. Mechanical Transmission Process 1)Dislodgement onto Food electrostatic charge 2) Fecal Deposits without changing infectivity increased viscosity of feces 3) Airborne Particles electrocution traps further spread of infectious particles feces enhances transmission of infectious agents much greater than that of any other substrate or medium Iwork2travel1. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: fhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/72457981@N00/353447863/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

21. Super Transmitters Carry Pathogens on: spongy mouthparts body and leg hairs (setae) sticky substance adherence during fly resting periods sticky pads of the feet (tarsi) PKMousie. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pkmousie/2618446877/sizes/l/in/ph otostream/. Jatin.muddu. (Photograher). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jatinmuddu/2374306028/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

22. Filthy Flies – U of F insect pathologist, Dr. Jim Maruniak http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMcf9C-iqJc

23. Results of Transmission Major spread of bacterial enteric disease agents: 1) Inflammation of the gut 2) Diarrhea And parasitic disease agents: -Sarcocystis spp -Toxoplasma gondii -Isospora spp. -Giardia spp. -Entamoeba coli -Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar -Endolimax nana -Pentatrichomonas hominis -Hammondia spp. -Cryptosporidium parvum RachSilvester. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved fFebruary 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rachsilvester/6155801573/sizes/m/in/photostream/. Rubber Slippers in Italy. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rubber_slippers_in_italy/5997107603/sizes/z/in/photostream/.

24. Mechanically Transmitted GI Diseases Salmonella Typhoid Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) Gusthead. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bokage/5570316311/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

25. Signs and Symptoms Salmonella Who is affected: -elderly -children 12 – 72 Hr Presentation (lasts 4 – 7 days): -diarrhea May require hospitalization Can be fatal -fever -abdominal cramps Can Develop: -Reiters Syndrome Treatment: -antibiotics NIAID_Flickr. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/5613656967/.

26. Signs and Symptoms Typhoid - Salmonella Typhi -un-industrialized nations Asia Africa Latin America Presentation: -sustained fever (103° to 104° F) -stomach pains -headache Result of : -International travel -Food/water contamination Treatment: -antibiotics Sanofi Pasteur. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sanofi-pasteur/5279772517/.

27. Signs and Symptoms Bacillary Dysentery - Shigellosis Location: -distributed worldwide Presentation (lasts 5 - 7 days): -diarrhea (bloody) -fever -stomach cramps Can Develop: -chronic arthritis Treatment: -antibiotics (Bactrim, Septra, Rocephin) -anti-diarrheals (Imodium) Nathan Reading. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nathanreading/6808291881/.

28. Historical Significance Wartime Effects - WWI: strong correlation between fly density and the incidence of dysentery -WWII battle of El Alamein: Axis losses due to dysentery -Monumental nuisance during the Vietnam War -Similar problems were encountered in the Persian Gulf War of 1991/subsequent humanitarian relief operations -1992-93, relief forces in Somalia faced huge fly problems -Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: camps placed in midst of unsecure population centers http://www.defense.gov/multimedia/web_graphics/dod/DODc.jpghttp://www.defense.gov/multimedia/web_graphics/dod/DODc.jpg, http://www.defense.gov/multimedia/web_graphics/army/USARVc1.jpg, http://www.defense.gov/multimedia/web_graphics/navy/USNc.jpg: Courtesy of U.S. Dept of Defensehttp://www.defense.gov/multimedia/web_graphics/army/USARVc1.jpg http://www.defense.gov/multimedia/web_graphics/navy/USNc.jpg

29. Sample Wartime Precautions Disease Vector Ecology Profiles (DVEPs) and TECHNICAL GUIDE NO. 30 - Filth Flies Significance, Surveillance and Control in Contingency Operations: EMPHASIS: -essential epidemiology -vector bionomics/behavior -pesticide resistance Armed Forces Pest Management Board: Fly - Associated Diseases in Somalia: ENTERIC DISEASES AGENTS: a variety of organisms, primarily bacteria and protozoa. VECTOR TRANSMISSION: Fecal-oral -house flies and other filth flies are implicated in amplifying outbreaks house fly, Musca domestica filth flies, M. sorbens and M. biseta -Cockroaches may also serve as mechanical vectors Example

30. Primary Reduction Example Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (Musca domestica) Dani Cohen, et. al, The Lancet, 1991 Prospective Crossover Intervention Study METHODS: 1)2 military field bases several km apart in early summer, 1988 2)Implement and track progress of intensive fly control measures at one base, keep another as control US Army Africa. (Photographer). [Phorograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/usarmyafrica/4325510666/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

31. RESULTS: -after 11 weeks, fly counts were 64% lower on the bases exposed to fly control **Clinic visits for diarrheal diseases dropped by 42%: 85% for shigellosis (76% for antibodies to Shigella) 57% for antibodies to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Primary Reduction Example IFRC. (Photographer). [Photograph]. Retrieved February 13, 2012, from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ifrc/6152296211/sizes/l/in/photostream/.

32. Preventative Measures 4 Main Goals: 1) reduction or elimination of fly breeding sites 2) reduction of sources that attract flies from other areas 3) prevention of contact between flies and disease-causing germs 4) protection of food, eating utensils and people from contact with flies. "zero fly" tarps insecticide new technology (WHO) shelter Keiding J. The houseflybiology and control. Training and information guide (advanced level). Geneva, World Health Organization, 1986 (unpublished document WHO/VBC/ 86.937; available on request from Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).

33. PATH & WaterAid America **Diarrheal disease is the 2 nd killer of children 2 leading NGOs explore steps toward stopping deaths owing to diarrheal diseases internationally: adequate resources effective implementation of available health clean water sanitation solutions Defeating a Global Killer: The Need for Action on Diarrheal Disease, a discussion of a growing global health crisis that receives little attention and what we can do about it (May, 2009). Defeating a Global Killer: The Need for Action on Diarrheal Disease. www.who.int/entity/pmnch/events/2009/InvitationDDevent.pdf. [Flyer]. February 13, 2012.