1. For your warm up, identify these countries and bodies of water without your notes13 10 11 15 7 9 8 6 14 1 4 3 5 2 12

2. Black Sea Caspian Sea Turkey 5 Cyprus Syria 15 3 4 14 Dead Sea Lebanon
Anatolian Peninsula
Black Sea
Caspian
Sea
Turkey 5
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
Cyprus
Syria 15 3 4
Zagros Mountains 14
Dead Sea
Lebanon
Afghanistan
Iraq 6
Plateau of 13
Israel 1 2
Jordan
Iran
Kuwait 12
Bahrain 16
Persian Gulf 7 11
Qatar
UAE 10
Gulf of Oman
Saudi Arabia 9
Sinai Peninsula
Red
Sea
Oman
Yemen
Arabian Peninsula 8
Arabian Sea

3. Get out a piece of paper and put your name at the top

4. Human Geography of the Middle East

5. WARNING:ONLY WRITE WHAT IS IN RED FONT!!!

6. The Arabian Peninsula
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
Because of the location, they are a crossroad for culture and trade.

7. Religion
Religion is the major cultural and religious influence in this region.

8. Religions Christianity: Islam: Judaism:
Evolved from the teachings of Judaism (2,000 yrs. ago)
Monotheistic
Based on teachings of Jesus Christ (Son of God to Christians)
Holy Book Bible
Place of worship= Church
Judaism:
Concentrated in Israel
Established more than 3,200 years ago
Oldest monotheistic religion
Basic laws & teachings come from Torah (Holy book)
Place of worship = Synagogue
Islam:
Based on teachings of Prophet Muhammad
Monotheistic
God is Allah (Arabic)
Close ties to Judaism and Christianity
Holy Book = Qur’an
Place of worship= Mosque
2 major divisions:
Sunni and Shiite

9. When Islam started, the religion united the people of the Arabian Peninsula in a way that had not been done previously.

10. Islam vs. Christianity - What are the major differences?
Muslims and Christians have vastly different views on major points of ideology and theology. First and foremost are the differing perceptions of Jesus, the Christ. Islam readily accepts that Jesus existed and that he was born of the Virgin Mary. Islam teaches that Jesus was merely another prophet, equal to and following in the line of Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses.
Muslims believe that Muhammad is the final messenger, superior to all previous prophets, the ultimate. Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of the Living God, which makes Him equal to God. Secondly, Islam refutes the idea that Jesus Christ was crucified on the cross. They believe that God spared his messenger from such a shameful death and later took him up to himself.
For Christians, the death of Jesus Christ on the cross is the focal point of all belief. The religion of Islam has the Qur'an as the source of truth and believe that it is the only true, reliable and pure scriptures.
Finally, Muslims do not hold to any assurance of salvation. They do not feel that is was even necessary for Jesus to pay for our sins. The belief that they hold is that every man must bear and pay for his or her own sins; for Jesus to be punished and responsible for our sins would be unjust in their eyes.
In your own words, summarize two main differences between the religions

11. The Five Pillars of Islam
requires certain religious duties of all Muslims.
• Faith All believers must testify to the following statement of faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”
• Prayer Five times a day, Muslims face toward the holy city of Mecca to pray. They may do this at a place of worship called a mosque or wherever they find themselves at the prayer times.
• Charity (Alms giving) Muslims believe they have a responsibility to support the less fortunate by giving money for that purpose.
• Fasting During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims do not eat or drink anything between sunrise and sunset. This action reminds Muslims that there are things in life more important than eating. It is also a sign of self-control and humility.
• Pilgrimage (hajj) All able Muslims are expected to make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca at least once during their lifetime.

12. A Human Perspective…
Two million people pour into the Saudi Arabian city of Mecca for a few weeks each year. They come from all over the world. In the past, the trip to Mecca involved a difficult journey across oceans and over miles of desert. Today, pilgrims arrive on airplanes. These people are fulfilling the Islamic religious duty of hajj, which is a pilgrimage to the holiest city of Islam—Mecca. For five or more days, all are dressed in simple white garments and all perform special activities, rituals, and ceremonies. It is a powerful example of spiritual devotion by the followers of one of the three major religions that claim a home in Southwest Asia.

13. Please get out your binder with your physical and human geo notes

14. Pilgrimage to Mecca…

15. Ramadan
Fasting in the month of Ramadan is another duty that shapes the lives of Muslims. During this month, adult Muslims do not eat or drink from before dawn until sunset. Fasting is a way of reminding Muslims of the spiritual part of their lives. After sunset, Muslims may eat a light meal of lentil or bean soup, a few dates, yogurt, and milky tea. A festival, ’Id al-Fitr, marks the end of Ramadan. New clothes, gifts, and elaborate dinners, along with acts of charity, are part of the celebration.
Ramadan in 2012 started on Thursday July 19th and continued for 30 days until Saturday August 18th

16. Sunni vs. Shiite Shia “Shiites” Sunnah “Sunnis”
After Muhammad the Prophet died, the person to precede him should be elected from a pool of capable conservatives.
Shia “Shiites”
They believed the person should have been handed down by blood to someone in Muhammad's family.
90% of Muslims are Sunnis, about 10% are Shiites

17. Judaism: History
Wailing Wall- “Western Wall”, holy site, last remaining portion of the temple, most sacred Jewish site.
In Jerusalem, Israel. Jerusalem is divided into religious quarters. Control over the city has been fought for since the beginning of religion

18. Christianity: Beliefs and Practices
Baptism is used to represent the washing away of sins. Theory of why most people do it as babies?
Communion shows participation in the body of Christ. The bread represents his body, the juice or wine represents his blood.

19. Government and Religion
The governments of lands controlled by Muslims were theocratic. This means religious leaders control the government.
Rulers relied on religious law and consulted with religious scholars on running the country.

20. Interesting Fact!

21. Oil Dominates the Economy
The principal resource in the economy of the Arabian Peninsula is oil.
Large increases in oil prices allow the oil-producing nations to funnel money into development of other parts of their economies, especially water development projects.

22. OPEC
In 1960, a group of oil-producing nations, including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, established an organization to coordinate policies on selling petroleum products. The group is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, also known as OPEC. The purpose of OPEC is to help members control worldwide oil prices and production. OPEC is a powerful force in international trade. Other Southwest Asian members include Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Iraq.

23. Modern Arabic Life
Changes on the Arabian Peninsula during the 20th century were dramatic.
Abandoned towns and villages for city life (urbanization)
Emphasis on modernizing
Use of Western technology and machines have disrupted traditional ways of life.
Camels OUT cars and cars IN

25. Modern Arabic Life
Despite its rapid modernization, some aspects of Muslim culture have remained the same for centuries.
Women’s clothing: cover their heads, hair, and sometimes faces with a scarf or veil called a hijab

26. Eastern Mediterranean

27. A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE
On September 28, 2000, riots broke out in the city of Jerusalem. The cause was a visit by an Israeli political leader to a Jewish holy place at a location on the Temple Mount. Muslims also have a holy place on the Temple Mount. They viewed the visit by the Israeli leader as disrespectful to Muslims. Hundreds of people died in the civil unrest that followed. To understand why a simple visit to a holy place would cause such problems, it is necessary to understand the deep-seated hostility Arabs and Jews feel for each other. They have an enormous disagreement over the control of the city of Jerusalem and of the land called the Occupied Territories. In fact, the relations between Arabs and Jews affect the entire region of the Eastern Mediterranean.

28. Religious Holy Places All three claim Jerusalem as a holy city.
The City of Jerusalem, which covers 42 square miles, has Jewish, Christian, and Muslim sections. Followers of all three religions come to the Old City to visit locations with strong spiritual meaning.

29. Religious Sites in Jerusalem
JEWISH: King Solomon built the First Temple; only piece still standing is the “Western Wall”
MUSLIM: Dome of the Rock, houses the spot where Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven.
CHRISTIAN: sacred location of the crucifixion of Jesus
There is a great deal of political tension among nations in this subregion.
The Crusades

30. Palestinian Authority Territory is the black and white lines…The West Bank and Gaza Strip Golan Heights is a territory of Syria

33. Modernizing Economies
Nations in the Eastern Mediterranean are relatively young.
They face many problems…
economic
civil war
political divisions
Refugees
lack of water

34. Modernizing Economies
Have great potential for development.
good climate for producing citrus crops
many places for tourists to visit.
They are well located for connections to international markets
Lack infrastructure

35. Countries in this region have marketplace (bazaar) economies and cannot compete with world markets

36. Modern Life A curious blend of old and new
Some restaurants have separate men and women sections
Muslim Arabs make up the majority of population
Lebanon has been a refuge for both Muslims and Christians.

37. The Northeast

38. A human perspective…
On March 16, 1988, Iraqi Air Force planes released poisonous gases over the Kurdish town of Halabja, Iraq. An estimated 5,000 Kurds, an ethnic group in the Middle East, died from the chemical weapons attack. The Kurdish people have occupied the lands they call Kurdistan for thousands of years. In the modern world, those lands are located in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. For most of the 20th century, these three nations disagreed with the Kurds over control of these lands. In fact, clashes over land have been the focus of much unrest in the northeastern part of this region.

39. Clashes over Land Kurds have been called a stateless nation
Were promised a homeland after WWI but never received it

40. A Blend of Cultures
The northern part of this region is mostly Muslim, but only Iraq is Arabic in cultural life.

41. Many ethnic groups in this region
Turks, Kurds, and Persians
Languages of this region include
Turkish, Farsi (Persian), and Arabic
Yellow area is where Farsi is spoken>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Though most of the groups are Islamic, tensions exist.

42. Can you speak Farsi?

43. Turkish Dialects…look how many!
Can you speak Turkish?

44. Modern and Traditional Life
Facing internal struggles still to this day
Some want a more modern lifestyle and other want to keep more traditional ways (very apparent in Afghanistan)
Fundamentalist Muslim- want a very traditional and strict interpretation of Islamic law

45. Clashes over Land
Iraq and Iran fought a war from 1980 and 1990, over control of oil fields.
1990–1991, Iraq invaded Kuwait, starting the Persian Gulf War.
The United States and 32 other nations fought to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait and keep oil fields open.

46. War on Terror
Within a month of the attacks of 9/11/01 the U.S. and their allies invaded Afghanistan, who was thought to be hiding the people responsible for the terrorist attacks.
In 2003, fear for national security prompted the United States to declare war on Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein.

47. Overthrow of the Taliban
Fundamentalist Muslim political group protecting Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda terrorist network in Afghanistan
March 2002, the Taliban was removed from power
May 2011, Osama bin Laden killed

49. Overthrow of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein: Iraqi dictator believed to be continuing to develop and expand a weapons of mass destruction program
Operation Iraqi Freedom
March 2003 to stop Hussein’s ability to wage mass war or aid terrorists
Major combat technically ended May 1, started to work toward democracy in Iraq

50. Saddam Hussein was captured by American forces in December of 2003
Charged and put on trial by the interim Iraqi government for crimes against humanity
Specific charges included the murder of 148 people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of 399 others.
Found guilty and sentenced to death in Nov 2006, hanged a month later in Dec 2006
Saddam Hussein shortly after capture by American forces, and after being shaved to confirm his identity

60. Middle
East