1. Do Now 1.Identify whether each of the following would be an abiotic or biotic limiting factor: –Amount of oxygen in the atmosphere –Availability of bamboo as a food source –Low levels of Nitrogen in the soil –The presence of a type of parasitic fungus –Very high average temperatures

2. Ecosystems and Energy Flow Unit II – Subtopic 3 Students will be able to describe energy flow through food webs and energy pyramids

3. Fig. 3-14, p. 61 Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Heat Solar energy Consumers (herbivores & carnivores) Producers (autotrophs) Decomposers (bacteria, fungi)

4. Fig. 3-A, p. 59 Sun Chloroplast in leaf cell Light-dependent Reaction Light- independent reaction Chlorophyll Energy storage and release (ATP/ADP) Glucose H2OH2O Sunlight O2O2 CO 2 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

5. Fig. 3-17, p. 64 Heat Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Solar energy Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores)

6. Fig. 3-18, p. 65 Humans Blue whaleSperm whale Crabeater seal Elephant seal Killer whale Leopard seal Adelie penguins Emperor penguin PetrelFish Squid Carnivorous plankton KrillHerbivorous plankton Phytoplankton

7. Fig. 3-19, p. 66 Heat Decomposers Tertiary consumers (human) Producers (phytoplankton) Secondary consumers (perch) Primary consumers (zooplankton) 10 100 1,000 10,000 Usable energy Available at Each tropic level (in kilocalories)

8. Fig. 3-22, p. 67 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m 2 /yr) Open ocean Continental shelf Lakes and streams Estuaries Aquatic Ecosystems Extreme desert Desert scrub Tundra (arctic and alpine) Temperate grassland Woodland and shrubland Agricultural land Savanna North. coniferous forest Temperate forest Terrestrial Ecosystems Tropical rain forest Swamps and marshes

9. Productivity of Producers: The Rate Is Crucial Gross primary production (GPP)Gross primary production (GPP) –Rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass. Figure 3-20

10. In your notes, define the underlined words in the reading in a way that will help the concepts stick in your head. Illustrate and label a pyramid of energy flow, including producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers.

11. Groupwork Living organisms in an ecosystem are usually grouped according to how they obtain food. Autotrophs that make their own food are known as producers, while heterotrophs that eat other organisms, living or dead, are known as consumers. The producers include land and aquatic plants, algae and microscopic phytoplankton in the ocean. They all make their own food by using chemicals and energy sources from their environment.

12. For example, plants use photosynthesis to manufacture sugar (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water. Using this sugar and other nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus) assimilated by their roots, plants produce a variety of organic materials. These materials include: starches, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Energy from sunlight is thus fixed as food used by themselves and by consumers.

13. The consumers are classed into different groups depending on the source of their food. Herbivores (e.g. deer, squirrels) feed on plants and are known as primary consumers. Carnivores (e.g. lions, hawks, killer whales) feed on other consumers and can be classified as secondary consumers. They feed on primary consumers. Tertiary consumers feed on other carnivores. Some organisms known as omnivores (e.g., bears, rats and humans) feed on both plants and animals. Organisms that feed on dead organisms are called scavengers (e.g., vultures, ants and flies). Detritivores (detritus feeders, e.g. earthworms, termites, crabs) feed on organic wastes or fragments of dead organisms.

14. Decomposers (e.g. bacteria, fungi) also feed on organic waste and dead organisms, but they digest the materials outside their bodies. The decomposers play a crucial role in recycling nutrients, as they reduce complex organic matter into inorganic nutrients that can be used by producers. If an organic substance can be broken down by decomposers, it is called biodegradable.

15. In every ecosystem, each consumer level depends upon lower-level organisms (e.g. a primary consumer depends upon a producer, a secondary consumer depends upon a primary consumer and a tertiary consumer depends upon a secondary consumer). All of these levels, from producer to tertiary consumer, form what is known as a food chain. A community has many food chains that are interwoven into a complex food web. The amount of organic material in a food web is referred to as its biomass. When one organism eats another, chemical energy stored in biomass is transferred from one level of the food chain to the next. Most of the consumed biomass is not converted into biomass of the consumer. Only a small portion of the useable energy is actually transferred to the next level, typically 10 percent. Each higher level of the food chain represents a cumulative loss of useable energy. The result is a pyramid of energy flow, with producers forming the base level.

16. Assuming 10 percent efficiency at each level, the tertiary consumer level would use only 0.1 percent of the energy available at the initial producer level. Because there is less energy available high on the energy pyramid, there are fewer top-level consumers. A disruption of the producer base of a food chain, therefore, has its greatest effect on the top-level consumer