1. Subpart L - Scaffolds (1926.450 - 454) Scaffolds above 10 ft. - Fall protection Scaffold access Scaffold working levels - Planked or decked Aerial lifts - Body belt and lanyard Training for employees using scaffolds

2. Scaffolds

3. Objectives When you have completed this module, you should be better able to: Locate specific OSHA regulations related to scaffolding List 3 types of scaffolds regulated by OSHA and some specific requirements for each Identify at least 6 general safety requirements for scaffolds

4. Organization of Subpart L 29 CFR 1926.450 - 454.450 Scope, Application and Definition.451 General Requirements.452 Additional Requirements - Specific Scaffolds.453 Aerial Lifts.454 Training Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Compliance App. AScaffold Specifications App. B[Reserved] App. CList of National Consensus Standards App. DTraining Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers App. EDrawings and Illustrations

5. Scaffolds 1926.450(a) This subpart applies to all scaffolds used in workplaces covered by 29CFR1926. It does not apply to crane or derrick suspended platforms, which are covered by 1926.550(g).

6. Scaffolds - Definitions 1926.450(b) Competent Person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Qualified Person means one who, by possession or a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project. Scaffold means any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage), used for supporting employees or materials or both.

7. Capacity 1926.451(a) - General Requirements Each scaffold and scaffold component must support its own weight and 4X the maximum intended load without failure. Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used in adjustable or non-adjustable suspension scaffolds must support at least 6X the maximum intended load. The stall load of any scaffold hoist shall not exceed 3 times its rated load. Scaffold shall be designed by a qualified person and built and loaded to design.

8. Platforms 1926.451(b) - General Requirements Scaffold platform construction Platforms fully planked or decked No more than 1” gaps Maximum openings of 9½” (if documented as necessary) Scaffold platforms and walkways 18” wide Ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket, and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide Guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems for platforms and runways not 18” wide

9. Platforms 1926.451(b) - General Requirements Scaffold platform construction(continued) Front edge of all platforms No more than 14” from the face of the work 3” from the face for outrigger scaffolds 18” from the face for plastering and lathing operations Platforms 10’ and less to extend at least 6” but not more than 12” past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly Platforms greater than 10’ no more than 18” past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly

10. Platforms 1926.451(b) - General Requirements Scaffold platform construction(continued) Each abutted end of plank shall rest on a separate support surface Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over supports, unless restrained to prevent movement On direction changes, any platform on a bearer at other than a right angle shall be laid first, and platforms which rest at right angles over the same bearer laid second

11. Platforms 1926.451(b) - General Requirements Scaffold platform construction(continued) No paint on wood platforms, except edges that may be marked for identification Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support No mixed scaffold components used unless compatible and integrity maintained No modification of mixed scaffold components unless a competent person approves No components of dissimilar metals unless approved by competent person

12. WORM HOLE CHECK WANE SPIKE KNOT SAP LINE SPLIT SC 8 Plank Defects

13. Supported Scaffolds 1926.451(c) - General Requirements Criteria for supported scaffolds Higher than 4:1 ratio restrained from tipping by guys, ties, or equivalent Vertically every 20’ (26’ if scaffold width is greater than 3’) Horizontally every 30’ Guys, ties, installed per recommendations or at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height Bear on adequate foundations Plumbed and braced

14. Supported Scaffold SC 7 Base plates set on mudsills Guardrails, midrails, toe boards #1 OSHA Citation Safe Access Fully Planked

15. Suspended Scaffolds 1926.451(d) - General Requirements Criteria for suspended scaffolds Support devices, 4X the imposed load Outrigger beams; metal or equal and restrained Stabilize outrigger beams Direct connections evaluated by competent person Counterweights Construction requirements for outrigger beams Minimum lengths for suspension ropes on hoists No repaired wire rope

16. Suspended Scaffolds 1926.451(d) - General Requirements Criteria for suspended scaffolds (continued) Proper sized eye splice thimbles required Ropes inspected by competent person No swaged attachments unless approved No gasoline powered equipment Automatic brakes Positive crank force to descend Tied to prevent swaying Safety devices not used as platforms

17. Access 1926.451(e) - General Requirements Must have safe access No access by cross braces Bottom rung not more than 24” high Rest platforms at 35’ intervals Sets access requirements for erectors and dismantlers (September 2, 1997) Can use some end frames for access

18. Use 1926.451(f) - General Requirements Never overload No shore or lean-to scaffolds Inspected by competent person Immediately removed or repaired, braced if found substandard No horizontal movement with employees unless approved Maintain clearance near power lines

19. Use (continued) 1926.451(f) - General Requirements Erected, moved, dismantled or altered only under supervision of competent person No work on snow, ice covered platforms Tag lines on swinging loads Protect suspension ropes from heat, acid No work during storms or high winds

20. Fall Protection 1926.451(g) - General Requirements Required at 10 foot PFAS in lieu of guardrails on some scaffolds PFAS & guardrails on suspension scaffolds PFAS required for erectors and dismantlers where feasible after September 2, 1997 Top rails after 1-1-2000, 38” to 45” high Use cross bracing in lieu of top or midrails in some cases (PFAS – Personal Fall Arrest System)

21. 2” x 4” Posts Securely Nailed to Flat Bar U-Clips at 2 Locations 2” x 4” Top Rail - Wide Dimension Horizontal 2” x 4” Mid-Rail - Positioned Inside Post 1” x 4” Toeboard Positioned Inside Post WOODEN GUARDRAIL SYSTEM Right Angle Clamps on Corners of Guardrail Swivel or Putlog Clamps on Side of Guardrail Posts Fastened to Frame with Parallel Clamps TUBE-AND-CLAMP GUARDRAIL SYSTEM Guardrail Systems SC 4

22. Falling Object Protection 1926.451(h) - General Requirements Hardhats required Protect employees below Barricades to exclude working below Toe boards at edges of platforms Allows panels and screens Canopies allowed

23. Tube and Coupler Scaffolds 1926.452(b) - General Requirements When moving to next level, retain existing platform until new bearers are set and braced Transverse brace at all end units and at least every third section horizontally and fourth section vertically Bearers must extend beyond posts and be fully in contact with couplers Designed by a registered PE if over 125’ high

24. Tube and Coupler Scaffold Intermediate transoms fixed with right-angle clamps let planks meet without overlap. Transom Internal Bracing Face Sway Bracing Ledgers are fixed to standards with right-angle clamps and maximum vertical spacing of 6’ 6”. End-to-End Clamps Maximum 6’ 6” Maximum 6’ 6” Top rail, mid-rail and toeboard are fixed to standards. SC 14

25. Fabricated Frame Scaffolds 1926.452(c) When moving to the next level, retain existing platform until new frames set and braced Brace with cross, horizontal and diagonals to secure vertical members laterally Lock with pins where uplift can occur Use coupling or stacking pins to join vertically Designed by registered PE if over 125’ high

26. Standard Tubular Frame ALUMINUM/PLYWOOD PLATFORM SCREW JACK HORIZONTAL BRACE CROSS BRACING GUARDRAIL SYSTEM - TOPRAIL (42”H), MIDRAIL & TOEBOARD GUARDRAIL CONNECTION LADDER MOUNTED ON END FRAME MUD SILL & BASE PLATE

27. Aerial Lifts 1926.453 Test controls daily before use Only operated by authorized personnel Use body belt (full body harness) with lanyard and both feet on floor Do not exceed load limits specified by manufacturer Follow manufacturers operating instructions Do not modify lift without manufacturers written consent

28. Training Requirements 1926.454 Five training areas for employees who use scaffolds Nature of electrical, fall and falling object hazards Procedures for dealing with electrical hazards and maintaining the fall protection and falling object system Proper scaffold and handling of material Maximum intended load Pertinent OSHA requirements Retraining as necessary to restore proficiency

29. Training (continued) 1926.454 For those who erect, dismantle, move, operate, repair or maintain scaffolds: –Nature of the hazards –Correct procedures –Design criteria, capacity, and intended uses –Pertinent OSHA requirements Retrain when necessary and when changes occur