Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System

Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System
*See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Introduction Many organs are named for their relationships to nearby bones Understanding muscle movements also depends on knowledge of skeletal anatomy Positions, shapes, and processes of bones can serve as landmarks for clinicians

Overview of the Skeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axial skeleton is colored tan Forms central supporting axis of the body Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid Appendicular skeleton is colored green Pectoral girdle Upper extremity Pelvic girdle Lower extremity Frontal bone Parietal bone Skull Occipital bone Maxilla Mandible Mandible Clavicle Clavicle Pectoral girdle Scapula Scapula Sternum Thoracic cage Ribs Humerus Costal cartilages Vertebral column Pelvis Hip bone Sacrum Ulna Coccyx Radius Carpus Metacarpal bones Phalanges Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Metatarsal bones Tarsus Phalanges Figure 8.1 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Bones of the Skeletal System
Number of bones 206 in typical adult skeleton Varies with development of sesamoid bones (patella) Bones that form within some tendons in response to stress Varies with presence of sutural (wormian) bones in skull Extra bones that develop in skull suture lines 270 bones at birth, decreases with fusion Surface markings Ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces

Anatomical Features of Bones
Bone markings—ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces Ways to study bones Articulated skeleton: held together by wire and rods, show spatial relationship to each other Disarticulated bones: bones taken apart so their surface features can be studied in more detail

Anatomical Features of Bones
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lines Crest Sinuses Fovea Head Foramen Meatus Crest Head Trochanters Tubercle Process Condyle Alveolus Spine Foramen Tuberosity (a) Skull (lateral view) Line Process Spine Fossae Epicondyles Fossae Condyles Figure 8.2 (c) Femur (posterior view) (d) Humerus (anterior view) (b) Scapula (posterior view)

The Skull Expected Learning Outcomes
Distinguish between cranial and facial bones. Name the bones of the skull and the anatomical features. Identify the cavities in the skull and in some of its individual bones. Name the principal sutures that join the bones of the skull. Describe some bones that are closely associated with the skull. Describe the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.

The Skull Skull—the most complex part of the skeleton
22 bones joined together by sutures (immovable joints) 8 cranial bones surround cranial cavity which encloses the brain Other cavities—orbits, nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle- and inner-ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses

The Skull Paranasal sinuses—frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
Lined by mucous membrane and air-filled Lighten the anterior portion of the skull Act as chambers that add resonance to the voice Foramina—holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels 14 facial bones support teeth, facial, and jaw muscles

The Skull Figure 8.7 Cranial cavity Ethmoid air cells Frontal bone
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Ethmoid air cells Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Orbit Superior Zygomatic bone Nasal conchae Middle Inferior Maxilla Maxillary sinus Vomer Nasal cavity Oral cavity Mandible Figure 8.7

Cranial Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal lobe Anterior cranial fossa Temporal lobe Middle cranial fossa Cerebellum Posterior cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Figure 8.9 Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa (a) Superior view (b) Lateral view Cranium (braincase)—protects the brain and associated sense organs Meninges separates brain from direct contact with bones—that is, dura mater Swelling of the brain inside the rigid cranium may force tissue through foramen magnum (large hole, exit for spinal cord) resulting in death Consists of two parts: calvaria (skullcap) and cranial base

Cranial Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 8.9 Frontal lobe Anterior cranial fossa Temporal lobe Middle cranial fossa Cerebellum Posterior cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa (a) Superior view (b) Lateral view Base is divided into three basins that comprise the cranial floor Anterior cranial fossa holds the frontal lobe of the brain Middle cranial fossa holds the temporal lobes of the brain Posterior cranial fossa contains the cerebellum 8 cranial bones: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid

The Frontal Bone Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium
Coronal suture—posterior boundary of frontal bone Supraorbital margin forms roof of the orbit Supraorbital foramen provides passage for nerve, artery, and vein Glabella—smooth area above root of the nose Contains frontal sinus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Supraorbital foramen Glabella Parietal bone Coronal suture Supraorbital margin Squamous suture Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Mandible Mental protuberance Mental foramen Figure 8.3

The Parietal Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Form most of cranial roof and part of its lateral walls Bordered by four sutures Sagittal: between parietal bones Coronal: at anterior margin Lambdoid: at posterior margin Squamous: at lateral border Two temporal lines serve as attachment of the temporalis muscle Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen Figure 8.4a (a) Right lateral view Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior Frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Sagittal suture Sutural bone Parietal foramen Lambdoid suture Figure 8.6 Occipital bone Posterior

The Temporal Bones Lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity
Squamous part Encircled by squamous suture Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Tympanic part External auditory meatus Styloid process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8.4a

The Temporal Bones Mastoid part Mastoid process Mastoid notch
Mastoiditis from ear infection Mastoid notch Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8.4a

The Temporal Bones Petrous part Part of cranial floor
Separates middle from posterior cranial fossa Houses middle- and inner-ear cavities Receptors for hearing and sense of balance Internal auditory meatus—opening for CN VII (vestibulocochlear nerve) Carotid canal Jugular foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Frontal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Cribriform foramina Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Petrous part of temporal bone Jugular foramen Parietal bone Groove for venous sinus Foramen magnum Occipital bone Hypoglossal canal (b) Superior view of cranial floor Figure 8.5b

The Temporal Bones Figure 8.10 Squamous suture Squamous part
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Squamous suture Squamous part Mastoid part Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid notch External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Tympanic part (a) Lateral surface Squamous suture Squamous part Zygomatic process Petrous part Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Figure 8.10 (b) Medial surface

The Occipital Bone Figure 8.5a Rear and base of skull
Foramen magnum holds spinal cord Basilar part, thick median plate Skull rests on atlas at occipital condyles Condylar canal, posterior to each occipital condyle Hypoglossal canal transmits hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) supplying tongue muscles External occipital protuberance for nuchal ligament Superior and inferior nuchal lines mark neck muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic arch Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal aperture Medial pterygoid plate Vomer Lateral pterygoid plate Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Styloid process Basilar part of occipital bone External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Carotid canal Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid notch Jugular foramen Temporal bone Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipital bone (a) Inferior view Figure 8.5a

The Sphenoid Bone Body Greater wing Lesser wing Optic foramen
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lesser wing Dorsum sellae Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Body Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Lateral pterygoid plate Body Greater wing Lesser wing Optic foramen Anterior clinoid processes Superior orbital fissure Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid processes (b) Posterior view Figure 8.11b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Frontal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Cribriform foramina Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Petrous part of temporal bone Jugular foramen Parietal bone Groove for venous sinus Foramen magnum Occipital bone Hypoglossal canal Figure 8.5b (b) Superior view of cranial floor

The Sphenoid Bone Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Optic foramen Hypophyseal fossa Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Posterior nasal apertures or choanae Medial pterygoid plate Lateral pterygoid plate Sphenoid sinus Lesser wing Greater wing Foramen rotundum Sella turcica Anterior clinoid process Dorsum sellae Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum (a) Superior view Figure 8.11a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diploe (spongy bone) Frontal bone Crista galli Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Cribriform foramina Sphenoid bone Optic foramen Foramen rotundum Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus Petrous part of temporal bone Jugular foramen Parietal bone Groove for venous sinus Foramen magnum Occipital bone Hypoglossal canal Figure 8.5b (b) Superior view of cranial floor

The Sphenoid Bone Sphenoid sinus Figure 8.4b Figure 8.5a
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Sphenoid sinus Squamous suture Frontal sinus Zygomatic bone Intermaxillary suture Crista galli Occipital bone Zygomatic arch Palatine bone Temporal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal aperture Sella turcica Medial pterygoid plate Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Internal acoustic meatus Vomer Lateral pterygoid plate Jugular foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Hypoglossal canal Vomer Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Styloid process Palatine process of maxilla Foramen lacerum Styloid process Basilar part of occipital bone Mandibular foramen Maxilla External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Carotid canal Palatine bone Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Mandible Mastoid notch Jugular foramen Mental spines Temporal bone Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen (b) Median section Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Figure 8.4b Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipital bone (a) Inferior view Figure 8.5a Sphenoid sinus

The Ethmoid Bone Figure 8.14 Figure 8.12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Supraorbital foramen Orbital plate of frontal bone Roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Zygomatic process of frontal bone Optic foramen Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lateral wall of orbit Anterior cranial bones located between the eyes Contributes to medial wall of orbit Lateral walls and roof of nasal cavity, and nasal septum Three major portions of this porous, delicate bone Perpendicular plate forms superior two-thirds of nasal septum Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Medial wall Lacrimal bone Superior orbital fissure Frontal process of maxilla Inferior orbital fissure Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital foramen Floor of orbit Orbital surface of maxilla Figure 8.14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cribriform plate Cribriform foramina Crista galli Orbital plate Superior nasal concha Ethmoidal cells Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Figure 8.12

The Ethmoid Bone Figure 8.4b Figure 8.13
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Crista galli Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid sinus Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Squamous suture Cribriform foramina Frontal sinus Nasal bone Sella turcica Crista galli Occipital bone Nasal conchae: Superior Temporal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sella turcica Middle Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Inferior Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Nasal bone Occipital bone Nasal cartilages Hypoglossal canal Vomer Styloid process Palatine process of maxilla Sphenoid bone Mandibular foramen Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Figure 8.4b Palatine bone Incisive foramen Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Mandible Lip Mental spines Maxilla Incisor (b) Median section Figure 8.13 Cribriform plate—forms roof of nasal cavity Crista galli: attachment point for meninges Cribriform (olfactory) foramina Labyrinth—large mass on each side of perpendicular plate Ethmoidal cells make up the ethmoid sinus Orbital plate

The Ethmoid Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Crista galli Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid sinus Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Squamous suture Cribriform foramina Frontal sinus Nasal bone Sella turcica Crista galli Occipital bone Nasal conchae: Superior Temporal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sella turcica Middle Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Inferior Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Nasal bone Occipital bone Nasal cartilages Hypoglossal canal Vomer Styloid process Palatine process of maxilla Sphenoid bone Mandibular foramen Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Palatine bone Incisive foramen Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Mandible Lip Mental spines Maxilla Incisor (b) Median section Figure 8.4b Figure 8.13 Superior and middle nasal conchae—scroll-like plates project into the nasal fossa Inferior nasal concha—separate bone Three chonchae occupy most of the nasal cavity, create turbulence of airflow, humidify air before it reaches the lungs

Facial Bones Facial bones (14)—those that have no direct contact with the brain or meninges Support the teeth Give shape and individuality to the face Form part of the orbital and nasal cavities Provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication 2 maxillae 2 nasal bones 2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae 2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer 2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible

The Maxillae Largest facial bones
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Supraorbital foramen Glabella Coronal suture Parietal bone Supraorbital margin Squamous suture Largest facial bones Forms upper jaw and meets at median intermaxillary suture Alveolar processes: bony points between teeth Alveolus: sockets that hold teeth Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Figure 8.3 Mandible Mental protuberance Mental foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic arch Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal aperture Medial pterygoid plate Vomer Lateral pterygoid plate Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Styloid process Basilar part of occipital bone External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Carotid canal Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid notch Jugular foramen Temporal bone Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Figure 8.5a Occipital bone (a) Inferior view

The Maxillae Cont. Forms inferomedial wall of orbit
Infraorbital foramen Inferior orbital fissure Forms most of the hard palate Palatine process Palate: forms roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity Incisive foramen Palate allows us to chew while breathing Cleft palate and cleft lip

The Maxillae Maxillary sinus fills maxillae bone
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus Figure 8.8 Figure 8.8 Maxillary sinus fills maxillae bone Larger in volume than frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses

The Palatine Bones L-shaped bone
Form the posterior portion of the hard palate Part of lateral nasal cavity wall Part of the orbital floor Greater palatine foramina Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Crista galli Frontal bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Cribriform foramina Nasal bone Sella turcica Nasal conchae: Superior Middle Sphenoid sinus Inferior Occipital bone Nasal cartilages Sphenoid bone Anterior nasal spine Palatine bone Incisive foramen Lacrimal bone Lip Maxilla Figure 8.13 Incisor Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Supraorbital foramen Orbital plate of frontal bone Roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Zygomatic process of frontal bone Optic foramen Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lateral wall of orbit Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Medial wall Lacrimal bone Superior orbital fissure Frontal process of maxilla Inferior orbital fissure Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital foramen Floor of orbit Orbital surface of maxilla Figure 8.14 8-30

The Zygomatic Bones Forms angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic arch is formed from temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8.4a

The Lacrimal Bones Form part of medial wall of each orbit
Smallest bone of skull Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac in life Tears collect in lacrimal sac and drain into nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal lines Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Zygomaticofacial foramen Temporal bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Temporal process Styloid process Mandible Mandibular condyle Mental foramen (a) Right lateral view Figure 8.4a

The Nasal Bones Forms bridge of nose
Supports cartilages that shape lower portion of the nose Often fractured by blow to the nose Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Supraorbital foramen Glabella Parietal bone Coronal suture Supraorbital margin Squamous suture Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Mandible Mental protuberance Mental foramen Figure 8.3

The Inferior Nasal Conchae
Three conchae in the nasal cavity Superior and middle are part of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha is a separate bone Largest of the three Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Crista galli Frontal bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Cribriform foramina Nasal bone Sella turcica Nasal conchae: Superior Middle Sphenoid sinus Inferior Occipital bone Nasal cartilages Sphenoid bone Anterior nasal spine Palatine bone Incisive foramen Lacrimal bone Lip Maxilla Incisor Figure 8.13

The Vomer Inferior half of the nasal septum
Superior half formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid Supports cartilage that forms the anterior part of the nasal septum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid sinus Squamous suture Frontal sinus Crista galli Occipital bone Temporal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sella turcica Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Nasal bone Hypoglossal canal Vomer Styloid process Palatine process of maxilla Mandibular foramen Maxilla Palatine bone Mandible Mental spines (b) Median section Figure 8.4b

The Mandible Strongest bone of the skull
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Strongest bone of the skull Only bone of skull that moves noticeably Supports lower teeth Provides attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication Mental symphysis—median cartilaginous joint in fetus Develops as two separate bones in fetus Ossifies in early childhood Figure 8.5a Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic arch Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal aperture Medial pterygoid plate Vomer Lateral pterygoid plate Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Styloid process Basilar part of occipital bone External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Carotid canal Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid notch Jugular foramen Temporal bone Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipital bone (a) Inferior view Condylar process Mandibular condyles Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular foramen Alveolar process Ramus Mental foramen Mental protuberance Figure 8.15 Angle Body

The Mandible Mental protuberance— point of chin
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mental protuberance— point of chin Two major parts on each side Body: supports teeth Ramus: articulates with cranium Angle—where body and ramus meet Alveolar processes between teeth Mental foramen—permits passage of nerves and BVs Mental spines Figure 8.5a Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic arch Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Posterior nasal aperture Medial pterygoid plate Vomer Lateral pterygoid plate Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Styloid process Basilar part of occipital bone External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Carotid canal Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid notch Jugular foramen Temporal bone Foramen magnum Condylar canal Mastoid foramen Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipital bone (a) Inferior view Condylar process Mandibular condyles Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular foramen Alveolar process Ramus Mental foramen Mental protuberance Figure 8.15 Angle Body

The Mandible Condylar process bears the mandibular condyle—oval knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone forming the hinge temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Coronoid process—point of insertion of temporalis muscle Mandibular notch Mandibular foramen—BVs, nerves supply lower teeth Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mandibular condyles Condylar process Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular foramen Alveolar process Ramus Mental foramen Mental protuberance Angle Body Figure 8.15

Bones Associated with the Skull
Auditory ossicles Three in each middle-ear cavity Malleus, incus, and stapes Hyoid bone Slender U-shaped bone between the chin and larynx Does not articulate with any other bone Suspended from styloid process of skull by muscle and ligament Body and greater and lesser horns (cornua) Fractured hyoid bone is evidence of strangulation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Styloid process Stylohyoid muscle Hyoid Lesser horn Larynx Greater horn Body Figure 8.16

The Skull in Infancy and Childhood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fontanels—spaces between unfused bones Filled with fibrous membrane Allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain Anterior, posterior, sphenoid (anterolateral), and mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels Two frontal bones fuse by age 6 (metopic suture) Skull reaches adult size by 8 or 9 years of age Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid fontanel Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Squamous suture Maxilla Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Mastoid fontanel Mandible Sphenoid bone Temporal bone (a) Lateral view Frontal bone Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Figure 8.17 (b) Superior view

The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
Expected Learning Outcomes Describe the general features of the vertebral column and those of a typical vertebra. Describe the structure of the intervertebral discs and their relationship to the vertebrae. Describe the special features of vertebrae in different regions of the vertebral column, and discuss the functional significance of the regional differences. Describe the anatomy of the sternum and ribs and how the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.

General Features of the Vertebral Column
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior view Posterior view Functions Supports the skull and trunk Allows for their movement Protects the spinal cord Absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting Provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles 33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Cervical vertebrae C7 T1 Thoracic vertebrae T12 L1 Lumbar vertebrae L5 S1 Sacrum S5 Coccyx Coccyx Figure 8.18

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Adult vertebral column averages 71 cm (28 in.) long Intervertebral discs account for about one-quarter of its length Person is 1% shorter when in bed Compression squeezes water out during the day and absorbs water when compression is removed during sleep Anterior view Posterior view Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Cervical vertebrae C7 T1 Thoracic vertebrae T12 L1 Lumbar vertebrae L5 S1 Sacrum S5 Coccyx Coccyx Figure 8.18

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior view Posterior view Five vertebral groups 7 cervical in the neck 12 thoracic in the chest 5 lumbar in lower back 5 fused sacral at base of spine 4 fused coccygeal Variations in number of lumbar and sacral vertebrae occur in 1 in 20 people Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Cervical vertebrae C7 T1 Thoracic vertebrae T12 L1 Lumbar vertebrae L5 S1 Sacrum S5 Coccyx Coccyx Figure 8.18

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve at birth Known as primary curvature Figure 8.20 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C1 S-shaped vertebral column with four normal curvatures Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Pelvic Cervical curvature C7 T1 Thoracic curvature T12 L1 Lumbar curvature L5 S1 Pelvic curvature Figure 8.19

Primary curvatures—present at birth Thoracic and pelvic Secondary curvatures—develop later Cervical and lumbar Lifting head as it begins to crawl develops cervical curvature Walking upright develops lumbar curvature

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. From disease, paralysis of trunk muscles, poor posture, pregnancy, or congenital defect Scoliosis—abnormal lateral curvature Most common Usually in thoracic region Particularly of adolescent girls Developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae (a) Scoliosis (b) Kyphosis (“hunchback”) (c) Lordosis (“hunchback”) Key Normal Pathological Figure 8.21

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Kyphosis (hunchback)—exaggerated thoracic curvature Usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling or weight lifting in young boys Lordosis (swayback)—exaggerated lumbar curvature From pregnancy or obesity

General Structure of Vertebra
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior Spinous process Body (centrum) Mass of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow Covered with thin shell of compact bone Weight-bearing portion Rough superior and inferior surfaces provide firm attachment for intervertebral discs Vertebral foramina Collectively form vertebral canal for spinal cord Superior articular facet Lamina Vertebral arch Transverse process Vertebral foramen Pedicle Body Anterior (a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2) Nucleus pulposus Anulus fibrosus (b) Intervertebral disc Figure 8.22a,b

Vertebral arch Composed of two parts on each side Pedicle: pillarlike and lamina: platelike Spinous process Projection extending from the apex of arch Extends posteriorly and downward Transverse process Extends laterally from point where pedicel and lamina meet Superior articular processes Project upward from one vertebra and meets inferior articular processes from the vertebra above Facets Flat articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intervertebral foramen When two vertebrae are joined they exhibit an opening between their pedicles Passageway for spinal nerves Inferior vertebral notch in the pedicle of the upper vertebra Superior vertebral notch in the pedicle of the lower vertebra Superior articular process of L1 Inferior vertebral notch of L1 L1 Intervertebral foramen Superior vertebral notch of L2 L2 Spinous process Intervertebral disc L3 Inferior articular process of L3 (b) Left lateral view Figure 8.23b

Intervertebral discs (23) First one between C2 and C3 Last one between L5 and sacrum Pad consisting of: Nucleus pulposus—inner gelatinous mass Anulus fibrosus—outer ring of fibrocartilage Bind vertebrae together Support weight of the body Absorb shock Herniated disc (“ruptured” or “slipped” disc) puts painful pressure on spinal nerve or spinal cord

The Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae—atlas (C1) Supports the head Has no body Delicate ring surrounding a large vertebral foramen Lateral masses with superior articular facets Articulates with occipital condyles Allows nodding motion of skull gesturing “yes” Inferior articular facets articulate with C2 Anterior and posterior arches Anterior and posterior tubercles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transverse process L2 Body (centrum) Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process of L2 Superior articular process of L3 L3 Lamina (a) Posterior (dorsal) view Figure 8.23a

Cervical vertebrae—axis (C2) Allows rotation of the head gesturing “no” Dens or odontoid process—prominent knob on its anterosuperior side Forms as an independent ossification center during first year of life Fuses with axis by age 3 to 6 years Projects into vertebral foramen of the atlas Held in place by a transverse ligament Atlanto–occipital joint: between atlas and cranium Atlantoaxial joint: between atlas and axis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dens (odontoid process) Superior articular facet Body Transverse foramen Transverse process Pedicle Inferior articular process Lamina Spinous process (b) Axis Figure 8.24b

Atlas and Axis Articulation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axis of rotation Dens Atlas Transverse ligament Axis Figure 8.24c 8-56 (c) Atlantoaxial joint

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior views Lateral views Spinous process Figure 8.25a Lamina Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Body Transverse process Spinous process (a) Cervical vertebrae Inferior articular process C1 to C7 are smallest and lightest vertebrae, other than the coccygeals Bifid or forked spinous processes in C2 to C6 Small body and larger vertebral foramen Transverse foramen in each short transverse process Provides passage and protection for vertebral arteries (supply blood to brain) and vertebral veins (drain blood from various neck structures) Transverse foramen only found in cervical vertebrae C7 vertebra prominens—spinous process not bifid and especially long Prominent bump on lower back of neck; convenient landmark for counting vertebrae

The Thoracic Vertebrae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinous process Superior articular facet Figure 8.25b Lamina Transverse process Transverse costal facet Superior costal facet Transverse costal facet Inferior costal facet Body Inferior articular facet (b) Thoracic vertebrae Spinous process 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) Corresponds to the 12 pairs of ribs attached to them Spinous processes pointed and angled sharply downward Larger body than cervical, but smaller than lumbar Costal facets for attachment of ribs On body as small, smooth, slightly concave spots Transverse costal facets at end of each transverse process T1–T10 Provide second point of articulation for ribs 1–10 Inferior and superior costal facets on vertebral body In most cases, ribs insert between the two vertebra

The Lumbar Vertebrae Five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) Thick, stout body
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinous process Figure 8.25c Superior articular facet Superior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Body Spinous process (c) Lumbar vertebrae Inferior articular facet Five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) Thick, stout body Blunt, squarish spinous process Superior articular processes face medially Lumbar region resistant to twisting movements

The Sacrum Sacrum—bony plate that forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity Once considered seat of the soul In children, five separate sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) Begin fusion around age 16 and complete fusion by age 26 Anterior surface Smooth and concave Four transverse lines indicate line of fusion of vertebrae Four pairs of large anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina Allow for passage of nerves and arteries into pelvic organs Sacral promontory on S1 supports L5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular process Sacral promontory Ala S1 S2 Transverse lines S3 Anterior sacral foramina S4 S5 Co1 Coccyx Co2 Co3 Co4 (a) Anterior view Figure 8.26a

The Sacrum Figure 8.26b Posterior surface very rough
Median sacral crest Formed from fusion of spinous processes Lateral sacral crest Less prominent, and on either side of median sacral crest Formed from the fusion of the transverse processes Posterior sacral foramina Four pairs of openings for spinal nerves that supply gluteal region and lower limbs Sacral canal runs through sacrum and ends as sacral hiatus Contains spinal nerve roots Auricular surface is part of sacroiliac (SI) joint formed with hip bone Superior articular processes on S1; articulates with L5 Alae—pair of large, rough, winglike extensions lateral to the superior articular processes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular process Sacral canal Median sacral crest Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Horn Transverse process Coccyx (b) Posterior view Figure 8.26b

The Coccyx Coccyx—usually consists of four small vertebrae (Co1–Co4); sometimes five Fuse into a single, triangular bone by age 20 to 30 Horns (cornua) on Co1 Serve as attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum Fractured during difficult childbirth or by hard fall on buttocks Provide attachment for muscles of the pelvic floor Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular process Sacral canal Median sacral crest Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Horn Transverse process Coccyx (b) Posterior view Figure 8.26b

The Thoracic Cage Figure 8.27
Consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs Forms conical enclosure for lungs and heart Provides attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs Broad base and narrower apex Rhythmically expanded by respiratory muscles to draw air into lungs Costal margin—inferior border of thoracic cage formed by downward arc of ribs Protect thoracic organs, but also spleen, most of liver, and to some extent the kidneys Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Sternum: T1 Suprasternal notch 1 Clavicular notch Pectoral girdle: Clavicle Manubrium Scapula 2 Angle 3 Body True ribs (1–7) 4 5 Xiphoid process 6 Costal cartilages 7 1 1 8 Floating ribs (11–12) 12 T12 False ribs (8–12) 9 10 L1 Figure 8.27 Costal margin

The Sternum Sternum (breastbone)—bony plate anterior to the heart
Divided into three regions Manubrium Broad superior portion Suprasternal (jugular) notch medially Clavicular notches—articulate with clavicle Ribs attach along scalloped lateral margins Body (gladiolus) Longest part of sternum Sternal angle—point where body joins manubrium Xiphoid Inferior end of sternum Attachment for some abdominal muscles In cardiopulmonary resuscitation, improperly performed chest compressions can drive xiphoid process into the liver and cause a fatal hemorrhage

The Ribs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 12 pairs of ribs No difference between sexes Posterior (proximal) end attached to vertebral column Anterior (distal) ends mostly attached to the sternum Costal cartilages composed of hyaline cartilage attach anterior ends to sternum Head—portion of rib that articulates with thoracic vertebrae Superior articular facet Inferior articular facet Neck Shaft Head Superior Costal groove Inferior Tubercle Angle (b) Ribs 2–10 Articular facet for transverse process Articular facets for vertebral bodies Figure 8.28b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular facet Transverse costal facet for rib 6 Tubercle Superior costal facet for rib 6 Neck Rib 6 Head T6 Figure 8.29b (b) Superior view

The Ribs Neck—narrow portion distal to the head
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neck—narrow portion distal to the head Tubercle—wider rough area distal to the neck Articulates with transverse costal facet of vertebra Angle—lateral curve of rib Shaft—long, gentle sloping, bladelike portion of rib Costal groove on inferior margin of shaft Neck Shaft Head Superior Costal groove Inferior Tubercle Angle (b) Ribs 2–10 Articular facet for transverse process Articular facets for vertebral bodies Figure 8.28b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular facet Transverse costal facet for rib 6 Tubercle Superior costal facet for rib 6 Neck Rib 6 Head T6 Figure 8.29b (b) Superior view

The Ribs Figure 8.29 Inferior costal facet of T5 Vertebral
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Inferior costal facet of T5 Vertebral body T5 Superior articular facet of rib 6 Rib 6 Inferior articular facet of rib 6 Vertebral body T6 Superior costal facet of T6 (a) Anterior view Superior articular facet Transverse costal facet for rib 6 Tubercle Superior costal facet for rib 6 Neck Rib 6 Figure 8.29 Head T6 (b) Superior view

The Ribs Figure 8.27 Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Sternum: T1 Suprasternal notch 1 Clavicular notch Pectoral girdle: Clavicle Manubrium Scapula 2 Angle 3 Body True ribs (1–7) 4 5 Xiphoid process 6 Costal cartilages 7 1 1 8 Floating ribs (11–12) 12 T12 False ribs (8–12) 9 10 L1 Costal margin Figure 8.27

The Ribs True ribs (ribs 1–7) False ribs (ribs 8–12)
Each has own costal cartilage connecting to sternum False ribs (ribs 8–12) Lack independent cartilaginous connection to sternum Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) Articulate with bodies of vertebrae T11 and T12 Do not have tubercles Do not attach to transverse processes of the vertebra No cartilaginous connection to the sternum or any of the higher costal cartilages

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Expected Learning Outcome Identify and describe the features of the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and bones of the wrist and hand.

The Pectoral Girdle Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm
Consists of two bones on each side of the body Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade) Clavicle articulates medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Scapula articulates with the humerus Glenohumeral joint: shoulder joint Easily dislocated due to loose attachment

The Clavicle Clavicle—S-shaped, somewhat flattened bone
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sternal end Acromial end Conoid tubercle (a) Superior view Figure 8.30 Conoid tubercle Sternal end Acromial end (b) Inferior view Clavicle—S-shaped, somewhat flattened bone Inferior—grooves and ridges for muscle attachment Sternal end—rounded head

The Clavicle Acromial end—flattened
Conoid tubercle: roughened tuberosity near acromial end; ligament attachment Braces shoulder, keeping upper limb away from midline of body Most frequently fractured bone in the body

The Scapula Scapula—named for its resemblance to a spade or shovel
Triangular plate that posteriorly overlies ribs 2 to 7 Three sides: superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) borders Three angles: superior, inferior, and lateral angles

The Scapula Suprascapular notch—conspicuous notch on superior border
Provides passage for a nerve Spine—transverse ridge on posterior surface Supraspinous fossa: indentation superior to the spine Infraspinous fossa: broad surface inferior to the spine

The Scapula Subscapular fossa—concave, anterior surface of scapula
Complex lateral angle of scapula has three main features Acromion: platelike extension of the spine Forms apex of the shoulder Articulates with the clavicle—the sole point of attachment of the scapula and the upper limb to the rest of the skeleton

The Scapula Cont. Coracoid process: shaped like a bent finger
Provides attachment for tendons of the biceps brachii and other arm muscles Glenoid cavity: shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus Forming glenohumeral joint

The Scapula Figure 8.31 Superior border Suprascapular notch
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior border Suprascapular notch Superior angle Acromion Acromion Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Lateral angle Glenoid cavity Spine Subscapular fossa Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.31

The Upper Limb Upper limb is divided into four regions containing a total of 30 bones per limb Brachium (arm proper): extends from shoulder to elbow Contains only 1 bone—humerus Antebrachium (forearm): extends from elbow to wrist Contains 2 bones—radius and ulna Carpus (wrist) Contains 8 small bones arranged in two rows Manus (hand) 19 bones in two groups 5 metacarpals in palm 14 phalanges in fingers

The Humerus Proximal end
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Greater tubercle Greater tubercle Head Proximal end Hemispherical head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapula Anatomical neck Greater and lesser tubercles and deltoid tuberosity Intertubercular sulcus holds biceps tendon Surgical neck Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Intertubercular sulcus Nutrient foramen Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Olecranon fossa Trochlea Figure 8.32 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

The Humerus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Greater tubercle Greater tubercle Distal end Rounded capitulum articulates with head of radius Trochlea articulates with ulna Lateral and medial epicondyles Lateral and medial supracondylar ridges Olecranon fossa holds olecranon process of ulna Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Head Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Intertubercular sulcus Nutrient foramen Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Olecranon fossa Trochlea Figure 8.32 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

The Radius Radius Figure 8.33
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olecranon Olecranon Radius Head: disc-shaped, allows for rotation around the longitudinal axis of the bone during pronation and supination of hand Superior surface articulates with capitulum on humerus Side of disc spins on radial notch on ulna Neck Radial tuberosity for biceps muscle Styloid process can be palpated near thumb Ulnar notch Trochlear notch Radial notch of ulna Head of radius Head of radius Coronoid process Neck of radius Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Ulna Radius Interosseous borders Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process Articular facets Styloid process (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.33

The Ulna Ulna Interosseous membrane Figure 8.33
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olecranon Olecranon Ulna Trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humerus Olecranon: bony point at back of elbow Coronoid process Radial notch holds head of radius Styloid process Interosseous membrane Ligament attaches radius to ulna along interosseous margin of each bone Enables the two elbow joints to share the load Trochlear notch Radial notch of ulna Head of radius Head of radius Coronoid process Neck of radius Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Ulna Radius Interosseous borders Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process Articular facets Styloid process (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.33

The Carpal Bones Eight bones form wrist Two rows (four bones each)
Allow movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Two rows (four bones each) Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform Pisiform is a sesamoid developed by age 9 to12 in tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

The Right Wrist and Hand
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Distal phalanx II Key to carpal bones Middle phalanx II Distal row Proximal row Proximal phalanx II III II Distal phalanx I Head IV Phalanges Body V Proximal phalanx I Base I Head Metacarpal bones Body First metacarpal Base Hamulus of hamate Trapezoid Hamate Trapezium Carpal bones Pisiform Carpal bones Capitate Triquetrum Scaphoid Lunate (a) Anterior view Figure 8.34a

The Metacarpal Bones and the Phalanges
Metacarpals—bones of the palm Metacarpal I proximal to base of thumb Metacarpal V proximal to base of little finger Proximal base, body, and distal head Phalanges—bones of the fingers Thumb or pollex has two phalanges Proximal, distal phalanx Fingers have three phalanges Proximal, middle, distal phalanx

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Expected Learning Outcomes Identify and describe the features of the pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot. Compare the anatomy of the male and female pelvic girdles and explain the functional significance of the differences.

The Pelvic Girdle Pelvic girdle—consists of a complete ring composed of three bones Two hip (coxal) bones, also called ossa coxae or innominate bones Sacrum is also part of the vertebral column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac fossa Base of sacrum Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Sacroiliac joint Pelvic surface of sacrum Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic inlet Spine Coccyx Ischium Acetabulum Body Interpubic disc Ramus Superior ramus Obturator foramen Pubis Inferior ramus Body Pubic symphysis (a) Anterosuperior view Figure 8.35a

The Pelvic Girdle Pelvis—bowl-shaped structure composed of the two coxal bones and sacrum as well as their ligaments and muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form its floor Supports trunk on the lower limbs and protects viscera, lower colon, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs Sacroiliac joint—joins hipbone to the vertebral column Auricular surface of ileum to auricular surface of sacrum

The Pelvic Girdle Anteriorly, interpubic disc—pad of fibrocartilage joins pubic bones Pubic symphysis—the interpubic disc and adjacent regions of the pubic bone on each side Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac fossa Base of sacrum Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Sacroiliac joint Pelvic surface of sacrum Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic inlet Spine Coccyx Ischium Acetabulum Body Interpubic disc Ramus Superior ramus Obturator foramen Pubis Inferior ramus Body Pubic symphysis (a) Anterosuperior view Figure 8.35a

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8.35a Figure 8.35b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac fossa Greater pelvis Base of sacrum Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Sacroiliac joint Pelvic surface of sacrum Pelvic brim Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic inlet Spine Pelvic inlet Coccyx Ischium Acetabulum Body Interpubic disc Lesser pelvis Ramus Superior ramus Obturator foramen Pubis Inferior ramus Body Pubic symphysis (a) Anterosuperior view Figure 8.35a Pelvic outlet Figure 8.35b (b) Median section Greater (false) pelvis—between flare of the hips Lesser (true) pelvis—narrower and below Pelvic brim—round margin that separates the two Pelvic inlet—opening circumscribed by brim that infant’s head must pass during birth Pelvic outlet—lower margin of the lesser pelvis

The Pelvic Girdle Three distinct features of hip bone
Iliac crest: superior crest of hip Acetabulum: hip socket Obturator foramen: large hole below acetabulum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest Anterior gluteal line Inferior gluteal line Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior Iliac spine Posterior inferior Iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine r Greater sciatic notch Body of ilium Acetabulum Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Body of pubis Lesser sciatic notch Inferior ramus of pubis Body of ischium Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ramus of ischium (a) Lateral view Figure 8.36a

The Pelvic Girdle Each adult hip bone is formed by the fusion of three childhood bones: illeum, ishchium, pubis Ileum Largest Extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum Anterior and posterior superior spine Anterior and posterior inferior spines Greater sciatic notch and iliac fossa

The Pelvic Girdle Ischium Pubis (pubic bone)
Inferioposterior portion of hip Heavy body with prominent spine Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Ramus Pubis (pubic bone) Most anterior portion of the hip bone Body, superior, and inferior ramus

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8.37
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Triangular pubic body Rectangular pubic body Large, oval obturator foramen Triangular obturator foramen Narrow subpubic angle Wide subpubic angle (a) Male, anterior view (c) Female, anterior view Preauricular sulcus Wide greater sciatic notch Narrow greater sciatic notch (b) Male, medial view (d) Female, medial view (a): © David Hunt/specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; (b-c): © L. Bassett/Visuals Unlimited; (d): © David Hunt/specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Figure 8.37 Male—heavier and thicker due to forces exerted by stronger muscles Female—wider and shallower, and adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth, larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of infant’s head

The Lower Limb Lower limb divided into four regions containing 30 bones per limb Femoral region (thigh): extends from hip to knee region Contains the femur and patella Crural region (leg proper): extends from knee to ankle Contains medial tibia and lateral fibula Tarsal region (tarsus): ankle—the union of the crural region with the foot Tarsal bones are considered part of the foot Pedal region (pes): foot Composed of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges in the toes

The Femur Longest and strongest bone of the body
Hemispherical head that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis Forms ball-and-socket joint Fovea capitis: pit in head of femur for attachment of a ligament Greater and lesser trochanters for muscle attachment Intertrochanteric crest—thick oblique ridge on the posterior surface that connects the trochanters Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Head Neck Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Spiral line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Shaft Medial supracondylar line Lateral supracondylar line Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Base of patella Articular facets Apex of patella (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.38

The Femur Intertrochanteric line—more delicate ridge on the anterior surface that connects trochanters Linea aspera—ridge on posterior of the shaft Spiral (pectineal) line and gluteal tuberosity Medial and lateral condyles and epicondyles found distally Intercondylar fossa Patellar and popliteal surface Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Head Neck Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Spiral line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Shaft Medial supracondylar line Lateral supracondylar line Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Base of patella Articular facets Apex of patella (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.38

The Patella Patella—triangular sesamoid bone embedded in tendon of knee Cartilaginous at birth Ossifies at age 3 to 6 years Base—broad, superior portion Apex—pointed, inferior portion Articular facets—shallow, posterior portion Quadriceps femoris tendon extends from anterior muscle of thigh to patella Continues as the patellar ligament from patella to tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Head Neck Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Spiral line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Shaft Medial supracondylar line Lateral supracondylar line Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Base of patella Articular facets Apex of patella (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.38

Tibia Tibia—thick, medial, weight-bearing bone
Only weight-bearing bone of the crural region Broad superior head Medial and lateral condyles Fairly flat articular surfaces Articulate with condyle of femur Intercondylar eminence—ridge separating condyles Tibial tuberosity—attachment of quadricep muscles Anterior crest—sharp, angular Medial malleolus—bony knob on inside of ankle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Lateral condyle Apex Head of fibula Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Lateral surface Interosseous membrane Anterior crest Tibia Fibula Distal tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Lateral malleolus (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.39

The Fibula Fibula—slender, lateral strut that helps stabilizes ankle
Does not bear any body weight Spare bone tissue for grafts Head—proximal end Apex—point of the head Lateral malleolus—distal expansion, bony knob on lateral side of ankle Joined to tibia by interosseous membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Lateral condyle Apex Head of fibula Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Lateral surface Interosseous membrane Anterior crest Tibia Fibula Distal tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Lateral malleolus (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 8.39

The Ankle and Foot Tarsal bones—arranged in proximal and distal groups
Tarsal bones are shaped and arranged differently from carpal bones due to load-bearing role of the ankle Calcaneus—largest tarsal bone Forms heel Distal portion is point of attachment for calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Talus is most superior tarsal bone Forms ankle joint with tibia and fibula Sits upon calcaneus and articulates with navicular Proximal row of tarsal bones Talus, calcaneus, navicular Distal row of tarsal bones Medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiforms and cuboid Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Distal phalanx I Distal phalanx V Proximal phalanx I Middle phalanx V Metatarsal Proximal phalanx V I II III IV V Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Talus Calcaneus Trochlear surface of talus Key to tarsal bones Distal group Tuberosity of calcaneus Proximal group (a) Superior (dorsal) view Figure 8.40a

The Ankle and Foot Remaining bones of foot are similar in name and arrangement to the hand Metatarsals Metatarsal I is proximal to the great toe (hallux) Metatarsal V is proximal to the little toe Proximal base, intermediate shaft, and distal head Phalanges Two in great toe Proximal and distal phalanx Three in all other toes Proximal, middle, distal phalanx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Distal phalanx I Distal phalanx V Proximal phalanx I Middle phalanx V Metatarsal Proximal phalanx V I II III IV V Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Talus Calcaneus Trochlear surface of talus Key to tarsal bones Distal group Tuberosity of calcaneus Proximal group (a) Superior (dorsal) view Figure 8.40a

The Ankle and Foot Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Thumb Future thumb Elbow Future great toe Knee Great toe Figure 8.41 (a) Seven weeks (b) Eight weeks Rotation of upper and lower limbs in opposite directions Starts seventh week of embryonic development Largest digit medial in foot and lateral in hand Each limb rotates about 90° in opposite directions Rotation also explains why elbow flexes posteriorly and knee flexes anteriorly

The Ankle and Foot Figure 8.42a Sole of foot is not flat on ground
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sole of foot is not flat on ground Three springy arches absorb stress Medial longitudinal arch From heel to hallux Formed from the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals I and III Lateral longitudinal arch From heel to little toe Includes calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals IV and V Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch Figure 8.42a (a) Inferior (plantar) view

The Ankle and Foot Transverse arch
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transverse arch Across middle of foot Includes the cuboid, cuneiforms, and proximal heads of metatarsals Arches held together by short, strong ligaments Pes planus (flat feet)—excessive weight, repetitious stress, or congenital weakness Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch Figure 8.42a (a) Inferior (plantar) view

Skeletal Adaptations for Bipedalism
Humans are only animals habitually bipedal 3.6-million-year-old human footprints indicate upright walking Adaptations Strong, springy foot arches Great toe not opposable Femurs angle inward so knees are closer together—erect posture requires less muscular effort Viscera supported in bowl-shaped pelvis Insertions of gluteal muscles differ from other primates

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Foot (b) Knee Chimpanzee Human Figure 8.43a,b Chimpanzee Human

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) Gluteal muscles (d) Pelvis (e) Vertebral column Chimpanzee Chimpanzee Chimpanzee Human Human Human Figure 8.43c,d,e

Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback