1. Populations and Cycles

2. Population-all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time. Demography-the statistical study of populations. It is used to predict how the size of a population will change.

3. SCI.9-12.B-6.2 - [Indicator] - Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors). copyright cmassengale3

4. 4 Population size 1. Population size – is the number of individuals in a population. – has an important effect on the ability of the population to survive. Carrying Capacity – number of organisms an ecosystem can support (don’t copy) A small population is more likely to become extinct: -in the case of random events or natural disaster -due to inbreeding where the population is more genetically alike. Recessive traits are more likely to appear. -with reduced variability it is harder to adapt to changes. KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS

5. copyright cmassengale5 Population density 2. Population density – the number of individuals in a given area. – if they are too far apart they may only rarely encounter one another resulting in little reproduction.

6. Carrying capacity – The number of organisms that an environment can support. This can change if the environment changes. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=QI2ixJeIxEU 6

7. Exponential growthLogistic Growth copyright cmassengale7

8. Normal carrying capacity Carrying capacity changed over time due to a change in the environment. copyright cmassengale8

9. KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS, con’t Population size is limited by: density-dependent factors density-dependent factors Biotic factors Disease Disease Competition Competition Predators Predators Parasites Parasites Food Food Crowding Crowding – The greater the population, the greater effect these factors have. – Ex. Black plague in the Middle Ages – more deaths in cities density-independent factors – abiotic factors – Volcanic eruptions – Temperature – Storms – Floods – Drought – Chemical pesticides – Major habitat disruption (as in the New Orleans flooding) Most are abiotic factors Most are abiotic factors

10. SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

11. Cycles of Matter – A.Recycling in the Biosphere – B.The Water Cycle – C.Nutrient Cycles 1.The Carbon Cycle 2.The Nitrogen Cycle 3. The Phosphorus Cycle

12. *Energy is not the only thing that moves through the ecosystem. Atoms are never destroyed... only transformed. http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html ENERGY & MATTER

13. 4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in ___________________________ BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

14. WATER CYCLE WATER CYCLE = _ ______ _ ___________ HYDROLOGIC CYCLE http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html

15. WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm building blocks of c Makes up 60-70% of your body Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Hydrogen in H 2 O supplies protons (H + ) & electrons for_______________ ells photosynthesis

16. WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Water is a good _________________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with __________________ http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm SOLVENT HOMEOSTASIS

17. WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif

18. The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. = ____________________ The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves = ________________ http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm TRANSPIRATION PRECIPITATION

19. PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html WATER CYCLE

20. Terms for water cycle Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Runoff

21. CARBON CYCLE CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

22. SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

23. 4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 1.In ____________ as CO 2 gas 2.In _______ as dissolved CO 2 gas 3.On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil 4.__________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks atmosphere ocean land Underground

24. Where does CO 2 in atmosphere come from? CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 3. _________________ plants and animals release CO 2 through respiration and decomposition 4.____________ of dead organisms 2. Human activity (burning fossil fuels) Cellular respiration Decomposition 1. Volcanic activity

25. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm BUILDING BLOCKS

26. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO 2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPGhttp://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS

27. Terms for Carbon cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Combustion Decomposition

28. N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 - and NO 2 - Section 3-3 NITROGEN CYCLE BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

29. WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? Image by Riedell NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins) Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

30. 79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N 2 ) Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe! The bond in N 2 gas is so strong it can only be broken by _______________ ____________________ CAN’T lightning Volcanic activity few special bacteria

31. http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif Bacteria that live ______________ and in _________ relationships with plants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil symbiotic legumes AMMONIA (NH 3 ) NITROGEN FIXATION

32. Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into ________________ & _________________ which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from the ___________ ___________ we breathe! NITRATES (NO 3 - ) FOOD WE EAT NOT THE AIR & NITRITES (NO 2 - )

33. N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 - and NO 2 - Section 3-3 NITROGEN CYCLE BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

34. Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process ___________ → _____________. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil NITRATES & NITRITES NITROGEN GAS DENITRIFICATION

35. N 2  NH 3  NO 2  NO 3  N 2 Nitrogen ammonia nitrite nitrate ammonification nitrification denitrification All of these processes are done by bacteria.

36. Terms for Nitrogen Cycle Ammonification Nitrification Denitrification Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria