1. Advanced English Writing
9CA261

2. Unit 1. The Comparison Essay
Comparing and Contrasting
Comparing and Contrasting are very important for writing the comparative essay.
When we compare, we look at the similarities between two things, people, or ideas.
When we contrast, we look at the differences.

3. Unit 1. The Comparison Essay
Remember these important points when comparing and contrasting
The two things that you compare and contrast must be of the same general class. You could not compare and contrast a mouse with an elephant, but you can compare and contrast the African elephant with the Indian elephant.
When you compare and contrast two things, the points you use for support must be used for both things.

4. Unit 1. The Comparison Essay
Organizing a comparison and contrast essay
There are several ways of organizing a comparison and contrast.
The most common pattern is called Block organization. In block organization, all the similarities are discussed in one block (one or more paragraphs). Then the differences are discussed in another block.

5. Unit 1. The Comparison Essay
The block organization pattern looks like this:
Topic: The Similarities and Differences in the Food of the North and the South of China
I. Similarities
A. Basic Ingredients
B. Use of spices
C. Famous dishes
II. Differences .

6. Unit 1. The Comparison Essay
Comparison Words
Sentence Connectors:
similarly, likewise, also, too
Clause Connectors:
as, just as, and
Others:
like (+ noun), similar to (+ noun), just like (+ noun), (be) similar to, both … and, not only … but also

7. Unit 1. The Comparison Essay
Contrast Words
Sentence Connectors:
however, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary
Clause Connectors:
although, even though, while, whereas
Others:
but, yet, despite (+ noun), in spite of (+ noun)

8. Unit 1. The Comparison Essay
Writing practice
Write a comparison and contrast essay on one of the topics:
Compare and contrast the food in two areas of Taiwan.
Compare and contrast the way people eat in Taiwan with the way people it in another country.
Compare and contrast the ways one kind of food (e.g. rice, bread) is eaten by different people.

9. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
In this unit, you will look at the situation (effect) and examine the reasons (causes) for it. Usually there are more than one reason for the situation. When there are many reasons, there is usually one that is most important.

10. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
Remember the following points when you write about the causes of an effect:
Look at the possible causes and discuss them.
Support all the causes. Give good examples.
State your most important cause list. This will make your essay m ore interesting.

11. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
Transitions for showing cause: because and as
Because and as introduce a reason clause. They both answer the question “why?” Both because and as can bу used at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle.
Use a comma after the reason if you start the sentence with because and as.

12. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
There are two ways to organize a cause-and-effect essay: block organization and chain organization.
Some topics work better when organized in block, while others work better when organized in a chain. If the causes and effects are closely related, it id s better to use a chain organization.

13. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
Block organization: You discuss all of the causes in one block (one, two or three paragraphs, depending on the n umber of causes). Then you discuss all the effects in another block.

14. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
Chain organization: You discuss a first cause and then the effect, a second cause and its effect, a third cause and its effect, and so on.

15. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
Cause-and-Effect Structure Words Cause structure words: the first reason is, the next cause, because Effect structure words: the first effect, as a result, consequently Note: use a semicolon before and a comma after consequently and therefore.

16. Unit 2. The Cause-and-Effect Essay
Writing practice:
Write a comparison and contrast essay on one of the topics:
Discuss situations where people want or need to keep secrets.
What are the causes and effects of social nets among teens?
Learning English is important in my life. Give two ot more reasons for this.

17. Unit 3. The Argument Essay
When you write an argument or persuasive essay, give your reason s to support your ideas for or against something. When writing your essay, you may use description, comparison and contrast, or cause and effect to illustrate your points.

18. Unit 3. The Argument Essay
First, find relevant reasons to support your argument. Your reasons may be facts ot opinions. Then develop your reasons into paragraphs, using relevant facts, and opinions. You may use неру following transitions to begin your body paragraph:
The first reason…
The second reason…
In addition…

19. Unit 3. The Argument Essay
When you list the points to support your argument, some may be facts and some may be opinions. Facts are statements that are known to be true, opinions are personal beliefs that may or may not be true. However, if you use only opinions, your argument may not bу so convincing. It is, therefore, important to distinguish between fact and opinion.

20. Unit 3. The Argument Essay
Relevant or Not Relevant
It is important for the statements in support of your argument to be relevant. In other words, they should be directly connected to be argument. After giving reasons with relevant and specific details to support your argument, you may conclude with one of the following:
As a result…Finally…For these reasons…Thus,…

21. Unit 3. The Argument Essay
Writing practice
Write a comparison and contrast essay on one of the topics:
Write an argument in favor or against using animals in circuses.
Write an argument in favor or against keeping pets.
Write an argument in favor or against hunting animals for entertainment.
Write an argument in favor or against horse racing.

22. Unit 4. Recognizing Styles
Imagery
When writers try to create a picture of something to make it seem real to us, they use imagery. To make an image or picture, they may use colorful words and expressions to male comparisons. Two kinds of imagery are the simile and the metaphor.

23. Unit 4. Recognizing Styles
Simile
A simile compares one thing with another to show similarity. A simile uses like or as. There are many idiomatic expressions with similes, such as “as busy as a bee” and “as good as gold”. Try to create your own, more interesting similes.
Example:
Languages die like rivers.

24. Unit 4. Recognizing Styles
Metaphor
A metaphor compares one thing with another without using like or as.
Examples:
It is a river, this language (Language is compared to a river.)
It is a mountain effluvia moving to valleys (Language is compared to mountain streams flowing down to valleys.)