1. Step 8 Parenthetical Citations – APA format Quoting, Paraphrasing,  Summarizing, and  Synthesizing

2. Learning outcomes Students should be able to Modify drafts using the APA format Compose drafts using writing techniques Quoting Paraphrasing Summarizing Synthesizing

3. In-text citation 3: Summaries SUMMARIZING

4. In-text citation 3: Summaries What is a summary? A brief restatement in your own words of a text's main ideas. A condensation of "an extended idea or argument into a sentence or more in your own words“.

5. Why Summarize? to represent the gist of an author's work. to avoid unnecessary details when the main point is all you need. to use own words (unless the text includes technical terms or words in common usage) and sum up the main point of a text. In-text citation 3: Summaries

6. A good formal summary will have the following characteristics: It contains all the main points of the original. It maintains and communicate the meaning of the original. It does not contain your own opinion or views on the original. It does not include examples or supporting points. It attributes the original author. In-text citation 3: Summaries

7. What are the characteristics of a summary? It focuses exclusively on the presentation of the writer's main ideas. It contains the main ideas presented in more than one paragraph, in a chapter or a text. It combines specific statements into general statements.

8. In-text citation 3: Summaries What are the characteristics of a summary? It changes speeches into statements. It demonstrates the writer’s understanding on a text's subject matter. It tends to be 60% shorter than the original text i.e. the original is cut to about one third. It omits the original text's examples, analogies, and details.

9. In-text citation 3: Summaries Steps to summarize written texts Read the text quickly in order to get a sense of the article's general focus and content (skimming). Reread the text in order to ensure that you've got all the main ideas (scanning). Underline the most important words (marking). Write down key-words, i.e. words that sum up the meaning of the text, but which needn't necessarily occur in the text (making notes).

10. In-text citation 3: Summaries Steps to summarize written texts Sum up the key-words in simple sentences (summing up in simple form). Combine the simple sentences by using conjunctions like "as, though, because, since" etc or participle constructions or infinitives (summing up in complex form). Compare the original text with your text to find out that you've got the essential information (check). Edit very carefully for neatness and correctness.

11. In-text citation 3: Summaries Source: Rychnovsky (1999) Clawing into Controversy Original: In some respects, the increasing frequency of mountain lion encounters in California has as much to do with a growing human population as it does with rising mountain lion numbers. The scenic solitude of the western ranges is prime cougar habitat, and it is falling swiftly to the developer’s spade. Meanwhile, with their ideal habitat already at its carrying capacity, mountain lions are forcing younger cats into less suitable terrain, including residential areas. Add that cougars have generally grown bolder under a lengthy ban on their being hunted, and an unsettling scenario begins to emerge. Can you identify the main points? Try to summarize the text

12. In-text citation 3: Summaries Summary: According to Rychnovsky (1999), contact between mountain lions and humans is on the rise in California because increasing numbers of lions are competing for a shrinking habitat in the face of development. As the lions’ wild habitat shrinks, older lions force younger lions into residential areas. These lions have lost some of their fear of humans because of a ban on hunting.

13. In-text citation 4: Syntheses SYNTHESIZING

14. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Synthesizing is an important and a complex skill required in academic writing. It involves combining ideas from a range of sources in order to group and present common ideas or arguments. Synthesizing is similar to summarizing and paraphrasing in that it involves rewriting other people’s ideas in your own words.

15. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Unlike summarizing and paraphrasing, it combines or draws together ideas from more than one text or source at a time. It uses and cites multiple sources.

16. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Ways to synthesize  Read more than one materials  Make brief notes using keypoints/keywords. This makes it easier to compare and contrast relevant information.  Identify common ideas. Highlight and list similarities. eg. Write one sentence for each material referred to. Sentences should consist of central point and (or) brief summary of each work  Write the ideas in your own words. Give credit to the authors of texts.

17. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Synthesizing a similar idea: Contemporary second language writing theorists such as Grabe and Kaplan (1996), Kroll (2001) and Silva (1990) point out that a substantial number of studies on English as a second language (ESL) writing started to emerge in the 1960s.

18. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Synthesizing another similar idea: Ary et al. (2002), Campbell and Stanley (1966), and Fraenkel and Wallen (2000), discuss the internal validity threats that can confound the effects on a dependent variable in a quasi-experiment.

19. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Synthesizing contrasting ideas: Text 1: (Bond, 2002) -international language for business -used for international forums -second language in many countries Text 2 : (Robertson, 2003) -used in worldwide technology -computers key factor in spread of English -internationalisation of education Common idea: English is the global world language

20. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Synthesizing contrasting ideas: Text 3: (Havir, 1999) -small no of speakers worldwide -importance of English linked to political power -more people speak Chinese worldwide Text 4: (Kerstjens, 2000) -minority of speakers in world -Chinese dominant especially in future -English will decline in future Common idea: English is not the global world language

21. In-text citation 4: Syntheses Syntheses: Supporting the contention that English is the dominant world language, Bond (2002) and Robertson(2003) point out its importance as the medium of international communication in business, technology and other global forums. However, others argue that despite its apparent dominance, English is not the global language when the number of native speakers of other languages, e.g. Chinese, are considered (Havir, 1999; Kerstjens, 2000).

22. There are many different combinations and variations within the APA citation format. If you run into something unusual, look it up! Handling Citations for your arguments

23. Step 8 Parenthetical Citations – APA format THE END