1. Chapter 16 Spread of Imperialism

2. Decline of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire had once had a kingdom that covered parts of 3 continents Political corruption and an outdated army led nearby states to take Ottoman land

3. Loss of Territory One area that the Ottoman began to lose land in was the Balkans, a large mountainous area in southeastern Europe that was named after the Balkan Mountains Russia began to influence states like Serbia, Montegro and Romania gain their freedom

4. Loss of Territory The Black Sea area had been in Ottoman control for hundreds of years They began to lose control of this area when states achieved independence and Russia took over others on the eastern shore of the Black Sea

5. External and Internal Pressures The Ottoman Empire was also having land taken by France and Russia Weak rulers caused attempts to overthrow the government

6. French Invasion of Egypt France conquered Egypt which had been an Ottoman territory Britain then attacked the French navy and destroyed their ships which greatly limited the French The Ottomans responded by attacking the French and driving them from Egypt

7. Mahmud II During a time of decline and instability, Mahmud II became ruler His half brother, Mustafa IV, took the throne by force and killed their cousin, Selim III. Mahmud became ruler after a palace rebellion Mahmud ruled during the loss of much land but also prepared Turkey to become a part of Europe

8. Changes in Russia Russia was in the midst of becoming a world power and expanding outward Much of Russia’s population was made up of serfs who were just a step above slavery Uprisings became common as these serfs became unhappy with their situation

9. Russian Expansion Catherine the Great-German princess who married the heir to the Russian throne. Her husband died and she became ruler of Russia. Catherine focused on the spread of imperialism

10. Opposition Movements Nicholas I-leader of Russia in the middle of a revolt. Some Russian officers had learned of representative government and led a rebellion called the Decembrist Revolt Michael Bakunin became one of the radicals of this time. Bakunin supported anarchy (society without government) Russian authors like Dostoevsky and Tolstoy gave a view of Russian society

11. Imperial Reforms Alexander II-sensed the need for reform and abolished serfdom. This freed 23 million people. This did little to improve the lives of poor as they were still given the lowest paying jobs

12. Domination of India by Britain Britain had begun trade in India with the East India Company. They soon took control of India but were threatened by France This ended at the Battle of Plassey where Robert Clive led British forces to a decisive victory that ended French influence in India

13. Conquest of India Over time, the British government began to control the activities of the East India Company more The Charter Act in 1814 gave the British crown control over everything the company possessed

14. Sepoy Mutiny The British government took complete control when Indian soldiers called sepoys revolted The Sepoy Mutiny began after the soldiers were told that the cartridges had been greased with pork or beef fat. The soldiers had to open them by biting them which would be offensive to Hindus and Muslims After Britain ended the rebellion, India became part of Britain’s empire

15. Trade in India and China Britain began trade between India and China which made the British merchants rich Cotton cloth and raw cotton were made in India and brought to China Rhubarb, tea and silk went from China to India The Chinese products were worth more so the British began to produce opium from poppy plants and send it to China This caused many Chinese to become addicted and ruin their lives

16. Domination of Asia Imperialism began to spread to Asia also China began to be subject to imperialism due to the Manchu or Qing dynasty becoming weaker China had isolated itself from the rest of the world and was resistant to change and improvement

17. Opium Wars After seeing the destruction caused by opium, Chinese officials tried to stop the import of it The British objected because they were more concerned about money than people’s lives The Opium Wars began and the British forced the Chinese to open more ports

18. Rebellions The Chinese people were becoming upset with the government and were experiencing famine also A Chinese student, Hong Renkun, led a rebellion. He changed his name to Hong Xiugquan (Heavenly King). The Taiping Rebellion resulted in 20-30 million people dying

19. Boxer Rebellion Despite this loss of life, people still protested The Boxer Rebellion began next. The leaders were members of a secret society that hated foreign influence in China They executed missionaries and Chinese Christians It took an alliance of 8 countries to end the rebellion

20. Continued Opposition A 4 year old child named Zaitian became the 10th emperor of the Qing Dynasty and took the name Guangxu Empress Dowager Cixi adopted him and ruled for him for 14 years When he took power, he issued the Hundred Days Reform which would create political, legal and social changes

21. Continued Opposition Empress Dowager was upset and overthrew Guangxu. She said he wasn’t able to lead China and put him on house arrest where he stayed until he died at 37

22. Foreign Intervention As the Qing dynasty is weakening, foreign countries look to take advantage Japan had Korea sign a treaty declaring independence from China This caused the Sino-Japanese War between China and Japan over Korea Japan won and took control of Korea European nations were worried that Japan would control more of China and looked to establish their own spheres of influence in China