1. THE CELL COULTER

2. TWO TYPES OF CELLS ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL

3. CELL MEMBRANE: PLANTS AND ANIMALS Is a flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside the cell. Cell membrane is mostly made of two different macromolecules– proteins and phospholipids. Controls which substances pass into and out of the cell.

4. CELL WALL: PLANTS Rigid layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. Protects the cell from attack by viruses and other harmful organisms. Helps maintain shape and gives structural support. Water and oxygen can pass through easily.

5. CYTOPLASM: PLANT AND ANIMALS Gel-like fluid inside a cell that contains salt and other molecules. Fills the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Constantly moves (lazy river) carrying the nucleus and other organelles that have a specific function. We know that water is the main ingredient in a cell; most of this water is in the cytoplasm

6. CYTOSKELETON: PLAN AND ANIMAL Is a network of threadlike proteins that are joined together. Is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

7. NUCLEUS: PLANT AND ANIMAL Organelle that directs cell activities and contains genetic information stored in DNA. “control center” Made up of three parts: –Nuclear envelope: The pores regulate the passage of macromolecules like proteins and RNA, but permit free passage of water, ions, ATP and other small molecules. –Chromatin: the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA. –Nucleolus: This structure is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNA). Its main function is to rewrite ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins. This results in the formation of incomplete ribosomes.

8. RIBOSOMES: PLANTS AND ANIMALS Are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Functions: –Convert genetic code into an amino acid sequence. –Build protein polymers from amino acid monomers. –Do their work in the cytoplasm.

9. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.): PLANTS AND ANIMALS Passageways carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another. Two types of E.R. –Rough: a series of channels covered in ribosomes –Smooth: without ribosomes, produces lipids and steroids. It also has enzymes that are involved in the breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic byproducts from cellular reactions.

10. GOLGI APPARATUS: PLANTS AND ANIMALS Receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the E.R., packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell or to the outside of the cell. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is the organelle that builds lysosomes.

11. VACUOLES: PLANTS Storage areas for cells. Most plants have one large vacuole. Some animal cells do not have vacuoles; others do. Store food and other materials for the cell as well as waste.

12. LYSOSOMES: PLANTS AND ANIMALS Are small, round structures containing chemicals that break down certain materials in the cell. Some chemicals break down large food particles into smaller ones. Break down old cell parts and release the substances so they can be used again. CLEANUP CREW!

13. CHLOROPLAST: PLANTS Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. Chloroplast make leaves green.

14. MITOCHONDRIA: PLANTS AND ANIMALS Are known as the “powerhouse” of the cell because they convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.