1. Biogeochemical Cycles - What is a biogeochemical cycle? - What things cycle? (Which will you be responsible for?) - What does NOT cycle? Chapter 13.5 in text

2. What is a biogeochemical cycle? Minerals (including the things you are made of) exist in set quantities on Earth, and are repeatedly recycled. The ones we will look at travel through food webs (bio), and have significant non- bio forms (geo). All your atoms have been parts of other organisms before you, many (many) times over. http://www.rps.psu.edu/probing/graphics/earth2.jpg

3. What things cycle? (Which will you be responsible for?) ALL of the atoms in living systems cycle. Some spend a lot of time out of the cycle (in a sink… reserve). We will look at water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but there are cycles for potassium, vanadium, oxygen, sodium, chlorine, iron, calcium, hydrogen, etc….

4. We will look at several images depicting this cycle: note condensation precipitation percolation runoff evaporation transpiration Do you know each of these? http://www.carillionplc.com/sustain/images/water-cycle.gif water

5. http://wetlab.coralhead.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/water_cycle.png water (cont.) - evapotranspiration? - sublimation? - groundwater

6. Water Equivalent depth (meters) Residence Time Oceans/Seas2500~4000 years Lakes/Reservoir s 0.25~10 years Swamps0.007~1-10 years Rivers0.003~2 weeks Soil moisture0.13~2 weeks-1 year Groundwater120 ~2 weeks-10000 years Ice caps/Glaciers 6010-1000 years Atmospheric water 0.025~10 days Biospheric water0.001~ 1 week http://www.spokaneaquifer.org/aq.htm water (cont.) How long does water sit around in the stages of the hydrologic cycle? (This is called its residence time.) also called aquifer→ Biospheric water? (The water in living things on Earth.) →

7. water (cont.) note - Water is not actually a mineral… it is a compound; but it is very important to living systems. -Things live in water, as well as having water in them: freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems are all defined by water. -The cycle includes three phases: gas, liquid, and solid - Not much of this cycle is in living things! It enters via roots/drinking and leaves via evapotranspiration. http://www.bcscience.com/bc8/images/0_quiz_water_cycle.jpg What do the letters represent?→

8. Carbon http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/images2/sea-carbon-cycle.jpg There is carbon in the air, in rock, in water, and you are made largely of it. note photosynthesis respiration combustion phytoplankton lithosphere Carbon reservoirs: Less CO 2 dissolves as water temp rises…

9. carbon (cont.) This shows the relative amounts of carbon in different places: -Most in sediments -Lots of exchange with seas.

10. http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/forams/images/arctic_marine_food_web_90.jpg carbon (cont.) -Carbon enters the food chain through photosynthesis. It leaves via respiration and decomposition. -Increasing levels of CO 2 add to global warming although the greenhouse effect itself is vital to life. zooplankton

11. Carbon Footprint Homework: Do research to find out - - What is meant by carbon footprint? - What are the implications? i.e., why might we care? - List 10 things that could be done individually to reduce your footprint. - List 5 things that would have a positive impact, but require large scale coordination. - Find an on-line resource to calculate yours. - Evaluate your confidence in said resource. - Cite your sources, making sure they are authoritative. This is the scoring rubric.

12. http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/earth_system/nitrogen_cycle_EPA.jpg nitrogen Nitrogen is in all proteins (amino acids) and nucleic acids (nitrogenous bases) note -Atmospheric N 2 must be fixed, as by bacteria, to enter food chain… -It then is assimilated through plant roots. -Decomposers play a key role in re- cycling organic N. -Bacteria also do denitrification (sending nitrogen back into the atmosphere).

13. nitrogen (cont.) -Lightning can also fix nitrogen -Artificial fertilizers upset the nitrogen balance… http://www.h2ou.com/h2images/NitrogenCycle-lgr-F.jpg

14. nitrogen (cont.) -Industry adds nitrogen compounds to air (contributing to acid rain) -Agriculture adds excess N and P to waterways (eutrophication; kills lakes)

15. Phosphorus cycle What do we need phosphorus for? www.geneticengineering.org/.../DNA.htm It is part of every nucleotide in your body → The energy for most of your body functions is carried in the last phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ↑

16. bioh.wikispaces.com/More+Elemental+Cycles?f=print Phosphorus cycle uplifting weathering detritus detritivores Any obvious differences between this and the other cycles? (hint: look up) the natural scheme

17. nutrients.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Phosphoruscycle.htm note: - no “volatile” form - “suspended particulates” - loss due to harvest - this is also often a limiting nutrient: fertilizers applied leaching erosion big problems in rain forests agriculture added Phosphorus cycle

18. RECAP -Matter is recycled through the ecosystem in biogeochemical cycles. - Water, carbon and nitrogen enter the food chain in different ways. - They spend different amounts of time in various reservoirs. - All components of an ecosystem must remain in balance. -However, energy…?

19. How are water and these 3 nutrients used in living systems? Which cycles have which phases: solid, liquid, gas? How does each enter the food web? How does each leave the food web? How are we dependant on other organisms in each cycle?

20. Enduring Understandings Essential Questions All biological life is interconnected and [inter]dependent. How does the movement of matter and energy through biological systems impact you?

21. biogeochemical cycleresidence timenitrogen food websaquiferfixation sinkbiosphericassimilate watercarbondenitrification condensationphotosynthesisacid rain precipitationrespirationeutrophication percolationcombustionphosphorus runoffphytoplanktonuplifting evaporationlithosphereweathering transpirationdecompositiondetritus evapotranspirationglobal warmingdetritivore sublimationgreenhouse effectlimiting nutrient groundwaterzooplanktonleaching hydrologic cyclecarbon footprinterosion carbon cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle biogeochemical cycle carbon footprint limiting nutrients