2. Water And The Major Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

3. Water And The Body Fluids Functions of water: –Transport –Structural support for molecules –Participates in metabolic reactions –Solvent –Lubricant –Body temperature regulation –Maintains blood volume Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

4. Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Intracellular fluid –Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

5. One Cell And Its Associated Fluids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6. Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Water intake Dehydration Water intoxication Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

8. Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Water sources –Water losses –Water recommendations Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

10. Water balance and recommended intakes –Health effects of water Hard water vs. soft water Bottled water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. How The Body Regulates Blood Volume

13. Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Dissociation of salt in water –Ions Cations Anions –Electrolyte solution Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

14. Water Dissolves Salts And Follows Electrolytes

15. Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Electrolytes attract water Water follows electrolytes –Solutes –Osmosis –Osmotic pressure Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

17. Vegetables “sweat” when sprinkled with salt Raisins plump up when immersed in water

18. Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Proteins regulate flow of fluids and ions Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

20. Fluid And Electrolyte Imbalance Sodium and chloride most easily lost Different solutes lost by different routes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

21. Fluid And Electrolyte Imbalance Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes –Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

22. Acid-Base Balance pH Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

24. Acid-Base Balance Regulation by the buffers –Bicarbonate –Carbonic acid Regulation by the lungs Regulation by the kidneys Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25. The Minerals - An Overview

26. Inorganic elements The body’s handling of minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

27. The Minerals - An Overview Variable bioavailability –Binders Phytates Oxalates Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

28. The Minerals - An Overview Nutrient interactions Varied roles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29. Sodium Roles in the body –Principal extracellular cation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30. Sodium Hypertension –Salt sensitivity Osteoporosis Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

31. Sodium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32. Sodium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 500 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33. Sodium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite Toxicity symptoms –Edema, acute hypertension Significant source –Table salt, soy sauce –Moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads, and vegetables –Large amounts in processed foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

34. Chloride Chlorine (Cl 2 ) vs. chloride ion (Cl - ) Roles in body –Principal extracellular anion Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

35. Chloride: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 750 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

36. Chloride: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Do not occur under normal circumstances Toxicity symptom –Vomiting Significant sources –Table salt, soy sauce –Moderate amounts in meats, milks, eggs –Large amounts in processed foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

37. Potassium Principal intracellular cation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

38. Potassium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 2000 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Facilitates many reactions –Supports cell integrity –Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

39. Potassium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Muscular weakness –Paralysis –Confusion Toxicity symptoms –Muscular weakness –Vomiting –If given into a vein, can stop the heart Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

40. Potassium: In Summary Significant sources –All whole foods –Meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

42. Calcium Balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

43. Calcium Calcium rigor vs. calcium tetany Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

44. Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

45. Calcium: In Summary 1997 adequate intake (AI) –Adults 19-50 years: 100 mg/day –Adults 51 and older: 1200 mg/day Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

46. Calcium: In Summary Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones and teeth –Involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting –Blood pressure, immune defenses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

47. Calcium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Stunted growth in children –Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

48. Calcium: In Summary Toxicity symptoms –Constipation –Increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction –Interference with absorption of other minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

49. Calcium: In Summary Significant sources –Milk and milk products –Small fish (with bones) –Tofu (bean curd), greens (broccoli, chard), legumes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

51. Phosphorus 1997 RDA for adults: 700 mg/day Upper level for adults (19-70 years): 4000 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones and teeth –Part of every cell –Important in genetic material, part of phospholipids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

52. Phosphorus Chief functions in the body (continued) –Used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance Deficiency symptoms –Muscular weakness, bone pain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

53. Phosphorus Toxicity symptoms –Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys Significant sources –All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

55. Magnesium 1997 RDA –Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/day –Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/day Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood magnesium/day Chief functions in the body –Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

56. Magnesium Deficiency symptoms –Weakness –Confusion –If extreme, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing –In children, growth failure Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

57. Magnesium Toxicity symptoms –From nonfood sources only –Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration Significant sources –Nuts, legumes –Whole grains –Dark green vegetables –Seafood –Chocolate, cocoa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

59. Sulfur Roles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

60. Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration –Cortical bone –Trabecular bone Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

61. Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones

62. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

64. Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration –Bone density Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

65. Osteoporosis And Calcium Age and bone calcium Maximizing bone mass Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

66. Osteoporosis And Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

67. Osteoporosis And Calcium Minimizing bone loss Gender and hormones Genetics and ethnicity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

68. Osteoporosis And Calcium Physical activity and body weight Smoking and alcohol Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

69. Osteoporosis And Calcium Dietary calcium is the key to prevention Other nutrients play a supporting role Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

70. Osteoporosis And Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

71. Osteoporosis And Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

72. Osteoporosis And Calcium A perspective on supplements –Antacids –Bone meal –Oyster shell –Dolomite (limestone) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning