1. The Holocaust

2. The Holocaust (1941-45) Of the 60 million World War II deaths, 11 million people died in German death camps including 3.5 million Russians, and 6 million Jews (2/3rds of all European Jews) The word Holocaust was given to the killing of the 6 million Jews because it was a war of extermination designed to wipe out an entire group of people. Hitler’s “Final Solution” Systematic genocide

3. Holocaust Chronology Jan 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany a nation with a Jewish population of 566,000. March 22, 1933 - Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women. April 1, 1933 - Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses. April 11, 1933 - Nazis issue a decree defining a non- Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non- Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith."

5. Holocaust Chronology July 14, 1933 - Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany; Also, Nazis pass Law to strip Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German citizenship. July 1933- Nazis pass law allowing for forced sterilization of those found by a Hereditary Health Court to have genetic defects. Nov 24, 1933 - Nazis pass a Law against Habitual and Dangerous Criminals, which allows beggars, the homeless, alcoholics and the unemployed to be sent to concentration camps. Sept 15, 1935 - Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed.

6. Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 Deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving them the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich. The laws also made it forbidden for Jews to marry or have sexual relations with Aryans. The Nuremberg Laws had the unexpected result of causing confusion and heated debate over who was a "full Jew." The Nazis settled on defining a "full Jew" as a person with three Jewish grandparents. Those with less were designated as Mischlinge. After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, a dozen supplemental Nazi decrees were issued that eventually outlawed the Jews completely, depriving them of their rights as human beings.

7. Holocaust Chronology July 23, 1938 - Nazis order Jews over age 15 to apply for identity cards from the police, to be shown on demand to any police officer. Nov 9-10 1938 – Kristallnacht the “Night of Broken Glass” – Nazis attacked synagogues and Jewish homes and businesses breaking windows and leaving broken glass May 1939 - The St. Louis, a ship crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cuba, the United States and other countries and returns to Europe. Sept 1, 1939 - Nazis invade Poland (Jewish pop. 3.35 million, the largest in Europe). Oct 1939- Nazis begin euthanasia on sick and disabled in Germany. March 7, 1941 - German Jews ordered into forced labor. Oct 5, 1942 - Himmler orders all Jews in concentration camps in Germany to be sent to Auschwitz and Majdanek.

8. Ghettos Warsaw Ghetto was the largest Nazi sent Jews and other subhuman to the ghettos in order to keep them all together and hoping they would starve to death People were only given about 200-300 calories a day Jews had to work while there Sickness and death everyday Hardly any running water in the ghettos Nazis took people from the ghettos to the camps – some people knew where they were headed, others did not Many people tried to run and escape, others just did what they were told

9. The Holocaust (1941-45) What is unique about Hitler’s “Final Solution of the Jewish Problem,” was the Nazi’s determination to murder, without exception, every single Jew who came within grasp, and the fanaticism, ingenuity, and cruelty with which they pursued their goal. Final Solution was decided at a top secret meeting in Jan 1942 at the Wannsee Conference

10. Camps Labor Camps: Took away prisoners belongings – sent back to Germany Tattooed each prisoner with their number, also on uniform Uniform also had badge to determine their crime Death Camps: Killed by shootings Gas vans is where they first used poison gas to kill (Chelmno was first to use) Gas Chambers replaced the vans – brick gas chambers that used carbon monoxide Later Zyklon B was developed where you dropped pellets into the chamber. They were safer for the guards to handle and death was slower and more agonizing Corpses are fist buried in large graves and later crematoria were built to burn more than one body at a time

11. Life in Camps The strong were sent to do labor, the weak were immediately sent to be killed Roll Calls take place at least twice a day where prisoners had to line up outside Had to sleep on small bunks which they shared with others Did not have privacy and camps were full of dirt and disease because they were not clean and did not have running water Were not given a lot of food and water

12. Liberating Camps Before the allies made it to the camps those responsible for the camps would try to move all the prisoners to other camps toward Germany (called the death march because many people do not survive) Nazis also tried to destroy the camps before the allied forces could see what was happening

13. Holocaust Chronology July 1944 – Majdanek was liberated Jan 27, 1945 - Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz. By this time, an estimated 2,000,000 persons, including 1,500,000 Jews, have been murdered there. April 29, 1945 - U.S. 7th Army liberates Dachau.

14. A Jewish man wearing the yellow star walks along a street in Germany.

15. One of the most famous photos taken during the Holocaust shows Jewish families arrested by Nazis during the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, and sent to be gassed at Treblinka extermination camp.

16. A view of Majdanek, which served as a concentration camp and also as a killing center for Jews.

17. Life in a Concentration Camp A prisoner in Dachau is forced to stand without moving for endless hours as a punishment. He is wearing a triangle patch identification on his chest. A chart of prisoner triangle identification markings used in Nazi concentration camps which allowed the guards to easily see which type of prisoner any individual was.

18. At Belzec death camp, SS Guards stand in formation outside the kommandant's house.

19. Nazis sift through the enormous pile of clothing left behind by the victims of a massacre. (1941)

20. Soviet POWs at forced labor in 1943 exhuming bodies in the ravine at Babi Yar, where the Nazis had murdered over 33,000 Jews in September of 1941.

21. Survivors in Mauthausen open one of the crematoria ovens for American troops who are inspecting the camp.

22. A warehouse full of shoes and clothing confiscated from the prisoners and deportees gassed upon their arrival. The Nazis shipped these goods to Germany.

23. A mass grave in Bergen- Belsen concentration camp.

24. Young survivors behind a barbed wire fence in Buchenwald.