1. Chapter 18 Classification
The diversity of life

2. Monday, 2/22/16
Learning Target: Know how organisms are organized and named using the binomial naming system. Learning Outcome: Complete the Taxonomy and Naming WS

3. Classification System
We organize all life on Earth into 9 levels. Each level is called a taxon.
Domain is the largest – 3 large groups (see below)
Species is the smallest

4. Box o’ Junck
Organize the group of stuff in the bins into groups.

5. Is Biological Classification like classifying junk
Is Biological Classification like classifying junk? Why do you think we need to classify the living world?

6. What’s this cat called?

7. Life Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Puma
concolor
Puma concolor

8. Here’s how to memorize it
Kings = Kingdom
Play = Phylum
Chess = Class
On = Order
Fine = Family
Grain = Genus
Sand = Species

9. Physical Traits Objects are classified based on physical traits.
Why do scientists need to classify organisms?
Naming (Universal names)
Groups that have meaning

10. Why is it necessary to classify?
1.5 million species on the planet so all creatures must be organized with a universal system. We call this taxonomy.
Scientists cannot use common names because they change depending on where you live.
For example: cougar, panther, puma, mountain lion all represent the same animal. It has a scientific name – Felis concolor

11. Scientific Names
Carolus Linneaus – Swedish botanist who began the modern naming system.
Developed a two word naming system called binomial nomenclature (latin)
2 name naming system
Scientific names are
Descriptive
In Latin
2 words – capitalize the first letter of the first word and lowercase everything else.
First word is Genus second word is species
Ursus maritimus

12. Examples scientific name = Genus + species
Homo sapien
Canis familiarius
Felis domesticus
Drosophilia melanogaster
Human
Dog
Cat
Fruit fly

13. Lend me your Shoes!
List as many “description factors” of these shoes as you can in one minute.
Who has any unique descriptions?
Cross out any that aren’t determined just from looking at the shoes.

14. Tuesday, 2/23/16
Learning Target: Know the purpose and how to create dichotomous keys and branching charts. Learning Outcome: Complete the Dichotomous key using shoes.

15. Classification Levels Example: Brown Bear

16. Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous Key: A “field guide” to help identify unknown organisms/objects
Based on physical traits
Rules:
Only 2 options at a time
All items still in consideration must fit in one of the two options
No “grey-areas”

18. Let’s practice dichotomous keys
The next slide, I will show you our organisms/objects
For our example, we will use 8 nuts & bolts – keep in mind what they look like.
Normally, we would give each organism/object a scientific name (Genus species). When you practice in class, you will make these up, but make them latin sounding, so add “us” or “is” at the end of the word.

19. Instead of Latin names, I have given them #’s to make this a bit easier to do on PowerPoint!!! Again, when you do this in class, you will make-up a Latin sounding scientific name (Genus species)

20. First step is to number and letter our branching chart.
Now we are ready to construct a dichotomous key from our branching chart.
First step is to number and letter our branching chart.
Every center horizontal line gets a number
Every choice gets a letter “a” or “b”

21. Construct a Branching Chart first to ultimately make a dichotomous key
Species #1
6 sided
Species #4
Rounded head
Has a round hole
Species #6
4 sided
Sharp, pointed tip
Species #7
Not rounded head
8 nuts & bolts
With threading
Species #2
Not a flat head
Without a round hole
Species #5
No sharp, pointed tip
Body length twice the width of head
Species #8
Flat head
Without threading
Species #3
Body length NOT twice the width of head

22. a a a b a b a a b b a b b b Species #1 6 sided Species #4 2 Species #6
Rounded head
Has a hole b
Species #6
4 sided 5 a
Sharp, pointed tip b
Species #7 1
Not rounded head
8 nuts & bolts 4 a
With threading a
Species #2 b
Not a flat head 3 b
Without a hole
Species #5 6 a
No sharp, pointed tip
Body length twice the width of head b b 7
Species #8
Flat head
Without threading b
Species #3
Body length NOT twice the width of head

23. Finally you write the dichotomous key by coping everything straight from the branching chart.
1a. With a hole
Go to question 2
1b. Without a hole
Go to question 3
2a. 6 sided
Species #1
2b. 4 sided
Species #6
3a. With threading
Go to question 4
3b. Without threading
Species #8
4a. Sharp, pointed tip
Go to question 5
4b. No sharp, pointed tip
Go to question 6
5a. Rounded head
Species #4
5b. No rounded head
Species #7
6a. Not a flat head
Species #2
6b. Flat head
Go to question 7
7a. Body length twice the width of head
Species #5
7b. Body length NOT twice the width of head
Species #3

24. Wednesday, 2/24/16
Learning Target: Know how to create dichotomous keys and branching charts using everyday items. Learning Outcome: Complete the Dichotomous key for animals and the Magazine Project.

25. Cladograms
Cladogram: Diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms based on shared derived characters.

26. We could also construct a Cladogram based on our nuts & bolts…

27. Wednesday, 2/25/15
Learning Target: Know the 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms of classification. Learning Outcome: Complete class notes and Reading Guide.

28. Section 18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Shown below are the three domains and the 6 modern kingdoms we use today.

29. Changing Number of Kingdoms
History of Kingdoms:
1700’s - 2 kingdoms –Plants and Animals
1800’s – 3 kingdoms – Plants, Animals, Protists (pond water critters)
1950’s – 5 kingdoms – Monera (bacteria), Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals
1990’s – Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals.

30. Autotroph v. Heterotroph
Autotroph = Create their own food through photosynthesis
Heterotroph = Receive their food through outside resources. They can absorb them or consume them.

31. Domain: Bacteria 1. Kingdom: Bacteria unicellular prokaryotic
cell wall contains a special molecule called peptidoglycan (mesh like substance).

32. Domain: Archae 2. Kingdom: Archaebacteria Live in extreme environments
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan

33. Domain Eukarya 3. Kingdom Protista
Eukaryotic organisms (most are
one celled)
Shows the greatest variety of organisms
Photosynthetic or heterotrophic
Amoebas, Paramecium, slime molds

34. Domain Eukarya 4. Kingdom Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs – absorb nutrients through their bodies
Feed on dead or decaying organic matter
Many are multicellular
Yeast is unicellular

35. Domain Eukarya 5. Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular
Autotrophs (do photosynthesis)
Cellulose in cell wall

36. Domain Eukarya 6. Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
Invertebrates and Vertebrates

37. Branching Chart and Dichotomous Key
10 points total: 2 points only two options at a time. 2 points numbering and lettering is correct. 4 points dichotomous key matches branching chart. 2 points neatness (straight lines and neatness in writing).