1. Restoration and the 18 th Century The “Turbulent Time’s” up cycle

2. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) practically invented the modern realistic novel There are seven groups of English Society 1. The Great, who live profusely. 2. The Rich, who live very plentifully. 3. The Middle Sort, who live well. 4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel no want. 5. The Country People, Farmers, etc., who fare indifferently 6. The Poor, that fare hard. 7. The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer want What does this tell you about the society of the time period? Is this societal description transcendent?

3. Clearly labels were important How is this seen in the quarelle de femes?

4. Review  What Monarch had his head chopped off? Charles I  Who took over the government after this monarch? Oliver Cromwell  Who succeeded the “Lord Protector” and re-established the monarchy in 1660? Charles II

5. Historical and Literary connections  How did Milton use his society as inspiration for Paradise Lost?

6. A Clash of Styles  ORNATE Cavaliers—supported Charles I and were opposed by the Puritans Dressed elegantly, ate with gusto, attended the theater, lived a high life  PLAIN Dressed and ate plainly, thought the theater was wicked, lived God-fearing, yet somewhat dull lives Established a church dictatorship in England under Cromwell

7. Royal Inheritance Reestablished 1660 King Henry VIII Catholic— Excommunication Protestant “Virgin” Queen Elizabeth King James I & VI House of Stuart Charles I 1625-1649 Charles II; Restores order— Limited power 1660-1685 James II; devout Catholic (Charles II’s Bro) ABDICATED 1685-1688 Mary & William (James’ Daughter) 1689-1702 “Lord Protector” Cromwell 1653-1658

8. Cromwell & Puritans  Cromwell established a religious dictatorship. Puritanical reign  Puritans fled at the death of Cromwell…to escape persecution of the newly established Monarchy To the “new world” (1658) 1692-1693—what happens in Salem?

9. Using at least 1 of your new vocabulary words… Explain how this picture is a parody. What is it mocking? What change is it calling for? The Original

10. The 18 th Century William and Mary (1685-1702) Anne (Mary’s Sister—last Stuart) 1702- 1714 George I (House of Hanover; Anne’s 2 nd Cousin) 1714-1727 George II (1727-1760) George III (George’s Grandson) (1760-1820) Monarchy Power Declined Prime Minister Established Robert Walpole Emerging 2 party system “Whigs” and “Tories” There were many closer heirs to Anne, but they were all Catholic; As a result, George’s reign was questioned by the Catholics; deposing was attempted and failed.

11. Why would all these historical changes and events inspire people to use satire?  Upset  Tired  Disillusioned

12. More Trouble & Change  After 20 years of civil war, the English people were wary and exhausted  By 1700… Plague that claimed many—including Queen Mary Fire (2/3 of Londoners are homeless)  1775—colonies rebelled against British Rule and won their freedom July 4, 1776 “Nothing happened today”—George III  Calm finally emerges toward the end and the British Military is rested Colonies established around the globe

13. Label me? 1660-1800  “The Augustan Age, The Neoclassical period, The Enlightenment, The Age of Reason” All apply to some, none apply to all

14. Augustan & Neoclassical Age  Comparisons to Rome “Augustus” (63 BC- 14AD) restored peace after death of Caesar  Restoration of the King, England likened itself to Augustan Rome A period of calm after a period of turmoil  Literature and arts fashion themselves after the Latin Classics and Latin Classics are more well known than contemporary or English works

15. Reason and Enlightenment  Asking How? In Macbeth they noticed the unnatural lack of sunlight—why did this happen? They ask. They did not ask HOW… If they did—how could science explain it?  Advance in science as a result

16. Ironically  While people were being enlightened they were also being repressed Religion determined politics Reestablished Anglican church “official religion” of country to this day Outlaw of Puritan and Independent sects (caused much of the uproar during the previous years) Persecution ensues

17. Pouring into North America  What were they seeking? Freedom from turbulence—political and religious The “dream”—making money and increasing their standing in by selling and trading furs, tobacco, logs and slaves.

18. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) practically invented the modern realistic novel There are seven groups of English Society 1. The Great, who live profusely. 2. The Rich, who live very plentifully. 3. The Middle Sort, who live well. 4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel no want. 5. The Country People, Farmers, etc., who fare indifferently 6. The Poor, that fare hard. 7. The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer want

19. Age of Satire The Age of Pope Attacks on immorality and Bad Taste Alexander Pope (1668-1744) & Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)

20. “An Essay on Man” and “The Rape of the Lock”

21. Who is Pope?  Brilliant Satirist—writes in verse  Physical Problems: Tuberculosis of the bone, or Pott’s disease, Pope stood only about four and a half feet tall  Roman Catholic family : Persecuted minority. King James II ousted1688: English Catholics could not legally vote, hold office, attend a university, or live within ten miles of London. ○ What would this kind of repression lead to?

22. Scriblerus Club  Purpose: to ridicule “false tastes in learning.”  Members included: Swift and Pope!  Wined, dined, and joked with one another  Probably inspired Swift’s masterwork Gulliver’s Travels

23. “An Essay on Man”  Purpose: caution against intellectual pride To Teach? To Persuade? To Entertain? To inform?

24. “An Essay on Man”  Means: describing the uncertain “middle state” Heroic Couplets

25. Heroic Couplets page 522-523  Couplet: 2 rhymed lines  Triplet: 3 rhymed lines  Iambic pentameter: 5 iambs (unstressed; stressed)  Closed: thought expressed in a complete sentence With your partner complete number 2-3 on page 523 after reading all the heroic couplets.

26. “An Essay on Man”  By way of: Antithesis: contrasting opposites Now complete number 6 on page 523 with your partner.

27. “An Essay on Man” page 524 Interpretation  Man should NOT study God  Man should study Man  What is man struggling with?  Born but to die means?  Reasoning but to err? Does this support rationis capax?  How can one be Lord and prey?  What connection can you make to the idea that man is “The glory, jest, and riddle of the world?

28. “An Essay on Man” page 524 Antithesis Skeptic’s side; stoic’s pride Act; rest Born; die Reasoning; err Abused; disabuse Half to rise; half to fall Lord of all things; prey to all Truth; error

29. Pope’s Satire  Rape of the Lock  Mock epic based on true events  Petre family and the Fermor family dispute over a lock of hair is spun into a fantastical adventure tale

30. Mock Epic  A Long, humorous narrative poem that treats a trivial subject in the grand style of a true epic like Homer’s Iliad or Milton’s Paradise Lost.  For example, in The Rape of the Lock, Pope applies to the theft of a lady’s lock of hair such epic elements as these: Boasting speeches of heroes and heroines Elaborate descriptions of warriors and their weapons Involvement of gods and goddesses in the action Epic similes, or elaborate comparisons in the style of Homer that sometimes use the words like, as, or so  Antithesis—placing side by side, and in similar grammatical structures, strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas.

31. Pope’s Form  Heroic Couplet: 2 rhymed lines of iambic pentamenter “closed” if they represent a complete sentence.  Epic elements Boasting speeches of heroes and heroines Elaborate descriptions of warriors and their weapons Involvement of gods and goddesses in the action Epic similes, or elaborate comparisons in the style of Homer that sometimes use the words like, as, or so