1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings An animal hormone – Is a chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory system and communicates regulatory messages within the body Only certain types of cells, target cells, are equipped to respond to specific hormones

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates – Proteins and peptides – Amines derived from amino acids – Steroids – http://sites.sinauer.com/psychopharm2e/anima tions03.03.html http://sites.sinauer.com/psychopharm2e/anima tions03.03.html

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Signaling by any of these molecules involves three key events – Reception – Signal transduction – Response

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Binding of a hormone to its receptor – Initiates a signal transduction pathway leading to specific responses in the cytoplasm or a change in gene expression – http://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Biology/hilli s1e/Animated%20Tutorials/at0505/at_0505_si g_trans_path.html http://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Biology/hilli s1e/Animated%20Tutorials/at0505/at_0505_si g_trans_path.html – http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/047 0003790/animations/signal_transduction/signal _transduction.htm http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/047 0003790/animations/signal_transduction/signal _transduction.htm RECEPTOR

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have – Different receptors for the hormone – Different signal transduction pathways – Different proteins for carrying out the response – Ex. epinephrine

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – Has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress Ex. Epinephrine Different receptors different cell responses Epinephrine  receptor Epinephrine  receptor Epinephrine  receptor Vessel constricts Vessel dilates Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released from cell (a) Intestinal blood vessel (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel (c) Liver cell Different intracellular proteins different cell responses Glycogen deposits Figure 45.4a–c

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Hormones Steroids, thyroid hormones – Enter target cells and bind to specific protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus – http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007243 7316/student_view0/chapter47/animations.htm l# http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007243 7316/student_view0/chapter47/animations.htm l#

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The protein-receptor complexes – Then act as transcription factors in the nucleus, regulating transcription of specific genes SECRETORY CELL Hormone molecule VIA BLOOD TARGET CELL Signal receptor Signal transduction and response DNA mRNA NUCLEUS Synthesis of specific proteins (b) Receptor in cell nucleus Figure 45.3b

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland – Control much of the endocrine system – http://sites.sinauer.com/psychopharm2e/anima tions03.06.html http://sites.sinauer.com/psychopharm2e/anima tions03.06.html

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The major human endocrine glands Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovary (female) Testis (male) Figure 45.6

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major human endocrine glands and some of their hormones Table 45.1

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 45.1

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Pituitary Hormones The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary Oxytocin – Induces uterine contractions and milk ejection (positive feedback) – http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media/Foundations/content/Foun dations/homeo4a/frameset.htm http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media/Foundations/content/Foun dations/homeo4a/frameset.htm Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation_ _hormonal_communication.htmlhttp://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation_ _hormonal_communication.html

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Pituitary Hormones The anterior pituitary Tropic hormones: – Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – Luteinizing hormone (LH) – Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – And a nontropic hormone - Prolactin

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The reproductive cycle of the human female http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/ovarianuterine.html Figure 46.13a–e Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estrogen and progesterone Stimulated by high levels of estrogen Inhibited by low levels of estrogen Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary GnRH FSH LH Pituitary gonadotropins in blood LH FSH FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation Ovarian cycle Growing follicle Mature follicle Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Estrogen secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Progesterone and estrogen secreted by corpus luteum Follicular phase Luteal phaseOvulation Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge Estrogen Progesterone Estrogen level very low Progesterone and estro- gen promote thickening of endometrium Uterine (menstrual) cycle Endometrium Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase 0 5 10 1415 20 2528 Days 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 3 6 7 8 4 5 2 10 9

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Growth Hormone Growth hormone (GH) – Promotes growth directly and has diverse metabolic effects – Stimulates the production of growth factors by other tissues

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The thyroid hormones (thyroxine) – Play crucial roles in stimulating metabolism and influencing development and maturation

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin: Control of Blood Calcium Two antagonistic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin – Play the major role in calcium (Ca 2+ ) homeostasis in mammals Calcitonin Thyroid gland releases calcitonin. Stimulates Ca 2+ deposition in bones Reduces Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys STIMULUS: Rising blood Ca 2+ level Blood Ca 2+ level declines to set point Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Blood Ca 2+ level rises to set point STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones Parathyroid gland Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Active vitamin D Stimulates Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys PTH Figure 45.11

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid gland – Stimulates Ca 2+ deposition in the bones and secretion by the kidneys, thus lowering blood Ca 2+ levels PTH, secreted by the parathyroid glands, has the opposite effect – http://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Biology/hillis1e/Animated%20Tutorials/at3003/ at_3003_hormonal_reg_calcium.html http://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Biology/hillis1e/Animated%20Tutorials/at3003/ at_3003_hormonal_reg_calcium.html

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose Two types of cells in the pancreas – Secrete insulin and glucagon, antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis and are found in clusters in the islets of Langerhans

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glucagon – Is produced by alpha cells (low blood sugar) – Stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver Insulin – Is produced by beta cells (high blood sugar) – Absorbs sugar from blood stream after big meal – http://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Biology/hillis1e/Animated%20Tutorials/at3902/ at_3902_insulin_glucose_reg.html http://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Biology/hillis1e/Animated%20Tutorials/at3902/ at_3902_insulin_glucose_reg.html

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of glucose homeostasis Beta cells of pancreas are stimulated to release insulin into the blood. Insulin Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Body cells take up more glucose. Blood glucose level declines to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes. STIMULUS: Rising blood glucose level (for instance, after eating a carbohydrate- rich meal) Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Blood glucose level rises to set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes. STIMULUS: Dropping blood glucose level (for instance, after skipping a meal) Alpha cells of pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon into the blood. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into blood. Glucagon Figure 45.12

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus, perhaps the best-known endocrine disorder – Is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues – Is marked by elevated blood glucose levels – Type I and Type II

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress The adrenal glands (kidneys) – epinephrine and norepinephrine – Are secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system – Mediate various fight-or-flight responses

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stress and the adrenal gland Spinal cord (cross section) Nerve signals Nerve cell Releasing hormone Stress Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal gland Kidney Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. Adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity Effects of mineralocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2. Immune system may be suppressed (b) Long-term stress response (a) Short-term stress response Nerve cell Figure 45.13a,b

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings From Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol – Influence glucose metabolism and the immune system – http://www.wiley.com/college/jenkins/0470227583/animations/index_17_07_01.ht ml http://www.wiley.com/college/jenkins/0470227583/animations/index_17_07_01.ht ml Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone – Affect salt and water balance

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gonadal Sex Hormones The gonads—testes and ovaries – Produce most of the body’s sex hormones: androgens, estrogens, and progestins

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The testes primarily synthesize androgens, the main one being testosterone – Which stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system – Testosterone causes an increase in muscle and bone mass

30. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Estrogens – Are responsible for the maintenance of the female reproductive system and the development of female secondary sex characteristics In mammals, progestins, which include progesterone – Are primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Melatonin and Biorhythms The pineal gland, located within the brain – Secretes melatonin

32. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Release of melatonin – Is controlled by light/dark cycles The primary functions of melatonin – Appear to be related to biological rhythms associated with reproduction

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In insects – Molting and development are controlled by three main hormones Brain Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum Corpus allatum EARLY LARVA LATER LARVA PUPA ADULT Prothoracic gland Ecdysone Brain hormone (BH) Juvenile hormone (JH) Low JH Neurosecretory cells in the brain produce brain hormone (BH), which is stored in the corpora cardiaca (singular, corpus cardiacum) until release. 1 BH signals its main target organ, the prothoracic gland, to produce the hormone ecdysone. 2 Ecdysone secretion from the prothoracic gland is episodic, with each release stimulating a molt. 3 Juvenile hormone (JH), secreted by the corpora allata, determines the result of the molt. At relatively high concen- trations of JH, ecdysone-stimulated molting produces another larval stage. JH suppresses metamorphosis. But when levels of JH fall below a certain concentration, a pupa forms at the next ecdysone-induced molt. The adult insect emerges from the pupa. 4 Figure 45.15

34. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain hormone – Is produced by neurosecretory cells – Stimulates the release of ecdysone from the prothoracic glands

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecdysone – Promotes molting and the development of adult characteristics Juvenile hormone – Promotes the retention of larval characteristics