1. Era Of Colonization

2. Jamestown Date Established: 1607
Location: Virginia, on the James River near the Chesapeake Bay
Reason for Settlement: Economic opportunities
Leaders: John Smith; Lord De La Warr
Obstacles to Settlement: Availability of food; Needed strong leadership; Conflict with Native Americans; Disease; Reluctance of colonist to work

3. Plymouth Date: 1620 Location: Massachusetts, near Cape Cod
Reason for Settlement: Religious freedom
Leader: William Bradford
Obstacles to Settlement: Availability of food; disease

4. Massachusetts Bay
Date: 1630
Location: Massachusetts, Boston
Reason for Settlement: Religious freedom
Leader: John Winthrop

5. 13 Original Colonies New England Colonies Middle Colonies
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Middle Colonies
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Southern Colonies
Virginia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

6. New England Colonies Religious dissent a reason for settlement Small farms Fishing Shipbuilding
Massachusetts
Puritan settlers
No separation of church and state
Rhode Island
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson
Religious Freedom
Separation of church and state
Connecticut
Thomas Hooker
New Hampshire
Not settled by anyone religious group

7. Middle Colonies Farmers Shipbuilding Settlers from many colonies outside the British Isles
New York
Former Dutch Colony
North was slow to be settled
New Jersey
Settled quickly because of low land prices
Pennsylvania
Quakers
William Penn
Religious Freedom
Delaware
Once a part of Pennsylvania

8. Southern Colonies Plantation Farming Enslaved Labor
Virginia
Tobacco
Maryland
Lord Baltimore
North Carolina
Small Farms
Few Seaports
Few navigable rivers
South Carolina
Rice
Indigo
Georgia
Debtors haven
James Olgethorpe

9. Triangular Trade
This was the name given to the trading route used by European merchants who exchanged goods with Africans for slaves, shipped the slaves to the Americas, sold them and brought goods from the Americas back to Europe.
It was called the triangular trade because of the triangular shape that the three legs of the journey made.
The first leg was the journey from Europe to Africa where goods were exchanged for slaves.
The second, or middle, leg of the journey was the transportation of slaves to the Americas. It was nicknamed the 'middle passage.'
The third and final leg of the journey, was the transport of goods from the Americas back to Europe.

10. Timeline of Carolina Colony 1620s-1740s
1629 Robert Heath receives land grant
1649 Charles I beheaded
1663 Charles II regains his throne
1663 Lord Proprietors receive land
1672 Culpeper’s Rebellion
1689 Ludwell becomes governor
1689 Gibbs Rebellion
1694 French Huguenots arrive
1712 Cary’s Rebellion
1712 Carolina Colony divides
1712 Tuscarora War
1715 Assembly of 1715 passes new laws
1718 Blackbeard beheaded
1729 North Carolina becomes a royal colony
1733 Wilmington established.

11. Settlers from the North
The need for more land brought Virginians to the area North of the Albemarle Sound
Nathaniel Batts: The first permanent white settler in NC

12. Carolana and The Lords Proprietors
Carolana was the land between Florida and the Albemarle Sound named after King Charles I
Carolina Charter of 1663 — Royal charter authorized by Charles II granting the Eight Lords Proprietors control over Carolina territory.
Eight Lords Proprietors — Group of powerful English nobles who controlled the Carolina territory, all supporters of Charles II.
Carolina Charter of 1665 — Royal charter issued by Charles II expanding the territory of the Eight Lords Proprietors.

13. Settlement of North Carolina
Groups
Time Period Settled
Area Settled
English
Late 1500s, 1600s, 1700s
Coastal Plain, Piedmont
Scots-Irish
Starting in about 1740s
Backcountry (including
Charlotte, Fayetteville)
Germans
(Moravians)
1750s
Backcountry (Salisbury,
Forsyth County)
Quakers
Guilford County
Africans
1600s
American
Indians
Prior to European settlement
Entire state

14. North Carolina’s First Towns
In 1706, John Lawson founded Bath, the first town in NC
New Bern was found in 1710 by a group of German and Swiss Protestants, led by Christoph von Graffenried, who wanted to escape religious persecution in Europe

15. Settling the Cape Fear Region
The area around the Cape Fear River became the last area of coastal NC to be permanently settled

16. Problems for the Proprietors
Culpepper’s Rebellion
Began when the Proprietors tried to enforce the Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660 and 1673
These acts stated that the colonies could only use English vessels for their trade shipments
These trade laws denied the colonists a free market outside England and placed heavy duties on commodities
Gibbs’ Rebellion
A rebellion over who had the right to be governor
John Gibbs challenged the Proprietors for this position
This along with Culpeper’s Rebellion showed colonist unhappiness with the Proprietor’s Policy’s

17. Problems for the Proprietors
Tuscarora War
In 1710, a group of Germans and Swiss established a settlement on the Neuse River in an ancestral area of the Tuscarora people.
New Bern rapidly became a prosperous community, but the natives became enraged by encroachment on their lands as well as frequent unfair trading practices.
Many Tuscarora were killed or enslaved while others left Carolina to settle in New York and Canada.
The colony suffered severe damage and was deeply in debt. However, Tuscarora land was left open for settlement
Cary’s Rebellion
The armed rebellion in 1712, led by former governor Thomas Cary against Governor Edward Hyde.
The Vestry Act was a law passed by Governor Henderson Walker in 1701 ordering the creation of Anglican churches in Carolina and establishing new taxes to support Anglican clergy. It called for the removal of Quakers and other non-Church of England members from having positions of power.
The rebellion ended with Cary’s humiliating retreat.

18. Golden Age of Piracy 1689 and 1718
Throughout the late 1600s and early 1700s, pirates used the Outer Banks as a central base of operations.
They intercepted Spanish and British ships carrying gold, silver, and other New World riches, and they used the barrier islands as cover and to store plunder.
One of the most famous and feared pirates was Blackbeard (Edward Teach) who made Ocracoke his home.
When the British Royal Navy finally captured Blackbeard, it thereby ended the Golden Age of Pirates in the Outer Banks.

19. The Carolinas Become Two
From 1708 to 1710, due to attempts to establish the Anglican church in the province, the people were unable to agree on a slate of elected officials; consequently, there was no recognized and legal government for more than two years.
This circumstance, coupled with the Tuscarora War and the inability of the Lords Proprietors to act decisively, led to separate governments for North and South Carolina.
The establishment of two separate colonies, did not officially occur until 1729, when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to The Crown, and both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies.

20. North Carolina in the 1700s Economy
Corn, Wheat, Tobacco, Rice and Indigo
Livestock
Naval Stores
Lumber
Social Organization
Gentry
Farmers
Artisans
Apprentices/Indentured servants
Areas Settled
Upper Cape Fear
Backcountry/Piedmont
Population/Immigration
Highland Scots
Scots- Irish
Pennsylvania Dutch
Moravians
Lutherans
Trade
Ties to England
Ties to Scotland
Ties to other colonies
Tobacco and growth of towns in the 1700s
Corduroy roads
Poor transportation: barrier to trade
Reasons for Population Growth
Cheap Land
Recruitment of immigrants by North Carolina officials
Political or religious persecution in Europe
Chance for religious and political freedom

21. Division in North Carolina

22. The Granville District
Originally this land belonged to John Carteret, Earl Granville, one of the eight Proprietors. When the Crown bought back the colony from the Proprietors, Granville’s heirs, the Carteret family, refused to sell their shares.
To settle their claim, King George II created the Granville District, a 60-mile-wide strip of land across northern North Carolina.

23. Conflict Over Taxes
Tax collection caused conflict because the North Carolina government had difficulty collecting quitrents and taxes from the squatters in the district and because settlers in other parts of the colony felt Granville settlers did not contribute their fair share to the upkeep of the colony.

24. Unequal Representation
Northern counties gained control of government through greater representation in the colonial legislature.
The five old Albemarle counties had five representatives each in the colonial Assembly, while only allowing two apiece for the newer Cape Fear regions.
People of Cape Fear wanted the number of representatives in Albemarle reduced to two per county, so that all counties would have equal representation.

25. Assembly of 1746
Colonists in the Albemarle region were angered by laws passed at a meeting of the Assembly that Albemarle representatives could not attend because of bad weather.
At this meeting, delegates from southern counties passed laws favorable to themselves. These laws reduced the political power of the northern counties and increased their quitrents.
In response, Albemarle withdrew from the Assembly, ignored laws passed by the Assembly, and did not participate in colonial government for seven years.

26. East vs West
Eastern North Carolina had most of the planters and other members of the gentry. Farms were large and work was done by enslaved laborers or indentured servants.
Easterners generally lived in comfortable homes with fine furniture. Their clothing reflected their lifestyle.
In western North Carolina, most farms were small and worked by the families who owned them.
Most people had few belongings and preferred simple dress and life-style.

27. Divisions Within North Carolina
Sectional Divisions
Issues that Divided Colonist
Ways Issues Resolved, If Known
North
(Albemarle/Granville District) and South (Cape Fear)
Collection of quitrents and taxes
Unequal representation in Assembly
Johnston passes new laws, 1746
Dobbs sets aside laws, 1754
South
East (Coastal Plain) and West (Backcountry and Piedmont
Unequal representation in Assembly
Cost of governor’s house/method of collecting taxes to pay for house.
Differences in economies, social class, life styles, national origins
Corruption and bribery by public officials in the colonial government
No issues resolved
Regulator movement ended by defeat at the Battle of Alamance.

28. Tryon’s Palace
Political inequality resulting from the west’s underrepresentation in the Assembly was one issue that separated east and west.
Eastern counties kept control of the legislature by creating more counties in the east whenever new counties were created in the west.
Western colonists were also angered over the poll tax levied to pay for Governor Tryon’s palace, and they resented the abuses in the royal system of collecting fees for government officials.

29. The Regulators
The Regulators were backcountry pioneers who organized in the mid-1760s to protest corruption in the royal system of collecting fees.
Abuses exemplified by two incidents in 1765 prompted action by the Regulators.
First, squatters in Mecklenburg County attacked surveyors sent to survey land for public sale. This incident was known as the War on Sugar Creek.
Second, George Simms was arrested for not repaying a small debt. His arrest was viewed as an abuse of government power.

30. Conflict 1768
Conflict began when provincial officials tried to collect new taxes to pay for the governor’s palace. Many pioneers refused, calling such fees extortion.
A Hillsborough sheriff seized a Regulator’s property for nonpayment of taxes.
The Regulators recovered the property and fired shots into the home of a corrupt royal official Edmund Fanning.
Two Regulator leaders were arrested and sent to jail.
At a trial later that year, three Regulators were convicted on charges of rioting but were pardoned.
Fanning was charged with extortion and convicted, but he was excused by the court and governor from punishment, angering the Regulators.

31. The Hillsborough Riot and the Battle of Alamance
In 1770, a mob of Regulators broke into the Hillsborough courthouse and drove the judge from his bench.
Next the mob turned on royal official Fanning, whipping him and looting his home.
The mob then smashed windows throughout Hillsborough.
The Assembly felt it could not ignore this lawlessness and proclaimed the rioters outlaws.
The Battle of Alamance took place on May 16, 1771.
Governor Tryon sent a militia force of 1,450 to restore order. This force was met by 2,000 Regulators, who refused the governor’s demand to lay down their arms.
The Regulators were defeated by Governor Tryon’s militia which was made up mostly of Highland Scots from the Cape Fear River region.
They had better weapons, training and more experienced leaders over the Regulators. The Battle of Alamance, ended the Regulator movement but not the tensions between east and west.

32. Significance
The Regulator Movement and the Battle of Alamance were significant because they were one of the first protests that showed dissatisfaction with British authority in the American colonies.
It was outside the province of North Carolina, however, that the Regulator movement had one of its greatest effects. In Pennsylvania and Massachusetts where the people were on the verge of revolution the press gave lurid pictures of the struggles of oppressed North Carolinians. Sympathy was aroused and feelings were stirred up, all of which added to the growing movement which soon led to the American Revolution.
The real significance of the Regulators’ struggle and the Battle of Alamance lies in the fact that it stood as a grand object lesson to the people of the whole country. It set them to thinking of armed resistance and showed they how weak might be the British effort to suppress a full-scale revolution.