1. World War I Mr. Webster’s Class

2. Vocabulary (Ch. 12) militarism – glorification of the military U-boat – German submarine ally – person, nation, or group joined with another for a common purpose convoy – group of merchant ships sailing together, protected by warships reparations – payment for war damages self-determination – the right of people to choose their own form of government influenza – flu virus inflation – rising prices Red Scare – fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

3. Textbook Assignment For this activity, you will work with a partner, and together, you will be assigned a few pages to read from your textbook (Ch. 12). Upon reading the text, you and your partner will choose one word that you feel describes the main theme or idea of the assigned passage. You will then write a few sentences to describe the theme, and you will also draw a picture that illustrates the theme. Upon completion, you will present your finished product to the class.

4. Ch. 12 Review Assignment For this assignment, you will be working with a partner, and together, you must use your textbook (Chapter 12) to create 12 questions and answers that you feel would make good test questions. You may have up to 3 vocabulary questions, but no true or false, fill in the blank, or multiple choice. You may put all of your questions and answers on the same sheet of paper, but you must write down the page # where you got each of your questions and answers. Once you have completed creating your questions and answers, you will submit them to me for accuracy. Once each group has completed the activity, we will play a round of trivia. The winning team will receive a reward.

5. Propaganda Poster Assignment – worth 20 points For this assignment, you are to create your own WWI propaganda poster. Your poster should address a war-related issue, such as volunteering to fight, defeating the enemy, rationing food, buying Liberty Bonds, or a combination of any of the above. Your poster must include an image that illustrates the message that you are trying to get across. Your poster must also include some sort of caption so that the reader understands the message being conveyed. I will be grading as follows: Illustration – 5 points Caption – 5 points Accuracy of Content – 5 points Clarity – 5 points

6. World Wars Journal Assignment – Part I ( due 12/9 ) For this assignment, you are to pretend that you are an American living during the period spanning the World Wars (1914-1945). You have decided to start keeping a journal, and in that journal, you record your life experiences, including what is going on in the world around you. Your first entry occurs in 1914. On that entry, you need to introduce yourself, and state your name, age, and any other personal information you may want to share (family, marital status, birthplace, etc.). You must then make at least 10 entries for the years spanning 1914 to 1929, and each entry must be at least 3 sentences. In your entries, you MUST make mention of current events (i.e. war breaking out, America entering the war, the Treaty of Versailles, Prohibition, the Great Depression, etc.), and you are encouraged to talk about how those events have influenced your everyday life. This assignment is worth 20 points. I will be giving 1 point for each completed entry, 5 points for significance and relevance of the entries, and 5 points for creativity and effort.

7. World Wars Journal Assignment – Part II For this assignment, you are to pretend that you are an American living during the period spanning the World Wars (1914-1945). You have decided to start keeping a journal, and in that journal, you record your life experiences, including what is going on in the world around you. Your first entry occurs in 1930. On that entry, you need to introduce yourself, and state your name, age, and any other personal information you may want to share (family, marital status, birthplace, etc.). You must then make at least 10 entries for the years spanning 1930 to 1945, and each entry must be at least 3 sentences. In your entries, you MUST make mention of current events (i.e. the Great Depression, the rise of Nazism and Fascism in Europe, the start of WWII, America’s entry into WWII, the dropping of the atomic bomb, etc.), and you are encouraged to talk about how those events have influenced your everyday life. This assignment is worth 20 points. I will be giving 1 point for each completed entry, 10 points for significance and relevance of the entries, and 10 points for creativity and effort.

8. Christmas Truce Assignment – worth 20 points For this assignment, you must pretend that you were present for the Christmas truce of 1914. You must create two diary entries that examine multiple perspectives of the truce. One must be from the Allied perspective (British or French), and the other must be from the German perspective. The United States was not yet involved in the war in 1914. In your diary entries, you will want to include your thoughts of the war, your thoughts of the enemy, and your hopes and fears for the future. You may put both descriptions on the same sheet of paper, but your finished product must be historically accurate, and it should be focused, structured, and creative as well. The assignment will be worth 20 points (10 pts. per perspective), and grading will be based on the following criteria: historical accuracy, focus, structure, and creativity.

9. Imperialism In the late 1800s and early 1900s, leading industrial nations competed for lands rich in raw materials as well as for places to build military bases. Britain already had a large empire, and France commanded a smaller one. Germany, Italy, Belgium, Japan, and the U.S. also rushed to join the imperial race.

10. Germany Builds its Military Imperialist nations also began increasing the size of their armies. No nation readied its war machinery more than Germany. By 1914, Germany had a huge standing army and the largest, deadliest collection of guns in the world. Throughout Europe, a spirit of militarism grew and fueled the arms race even more. War seemed inevitable.

11. A New Type of Warfare As European nations strengthened their armies and navies, it became clear that the next major war would involve more troops and technologically advanced weapons than ever before. Machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks, submarines, and airplanes would change the nature of warfare.

12. Alliances European nations also prepared for war by forming alliances. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance, and France, Russia, and Great Britain formed the Triple Entente. Alliances emboldened leaders to act recklessly. They knew that if they did declare war, powerful allies were obligated to fight along with them.

13. The Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand On June 28, 1914, a young Bosnian (but ethnic Serb) named Galviro Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. The assassination was inspired by Princip’s belief that Bosnia rightfully belonged to Serbia, rather than Austria-Hungary. Ferdinand’s assassination was the trigger that brought about WWI.

14. War Begins / Allies vs. Central Powers On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Because of the alliance system, the war quickly spread. In less than one week, the Central Powers of Germany and Austria- Hungary were at war against the Allied Powers of Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia. The Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria later joined the Central Powers.

15. The Western Front Following the outbreak of war, Germany invaded Luxembourg and Belgium, and moved into France. At the Battle of Marne, the French and British forces were able to stop the German advance. Following the Battle of Marne, both sides dug trenches and fortified their positions. This battle front became known as the Western Front, and it was major theatre of the war.

16. Stalemate The war became hideously deadly, largely because the defensive weapons of the time were better and more devastating then the offensive ones. Charging towards trenches that were defended by artillery, machine guns, and rifles was futile. Ineffective offensives and effective defensives ultimately led to stalemate.

17. Conditions in the Trenches The stalemate led to gruesome conditions for men in the trenches. Many men developed “trench foot” from standing in the wet, muddy trenches. Many also contracted lice from the millions of rats that infested the trenches. Even on a quiet day, soldiers could be killed by snipers or a surprise gas attack. The area in between enemy lines was known as “no man’s land.”

18. Wilson Urges Neutrality As the war spread in Europe, President Wilson called for the U.S. to remain neutral. Most Americans, however, favored the side of Britain and France, both of which had strong historic ties with the United States. Between 1914 and 1917, Wilson attempted to use his influence to end the conflict. Ultimately, his efforts failed.

19. Sinking of the Lusitania On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat, or submarine, sank the British passenger liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. The ship had been carrying ammunition and other contraband. Americans protested that an unarmed and unresisting ship should not be sunk without first being warned and provided with safety for its passengers.

20. Wilson Prepares for War By the end of 1915, President Wilson began to prepare the nation for war. The National Defense Act expanded the size of the army, and the Naval Construction Act ordered the building of more warships. Still, Wilson hoped the nation could avoid conflict.

21. The Zimmerman Note In January 1917, German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to Mexico. The Zimmerman note proposed a German-Mexican alliance, stating that if the U.S. declared war on Germany, Mexico should declare war on the U.S. In return, after a German victory, Mexico would get back the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

22. America Enters the War The Zimmerman Note was intercepted by the British, who gave it to American authorities. Americans were outraged by the publication of the Zimmerman note. On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war. Four days later, Congress obliged.

23. The Selective Service Act Once the U.S. entered the war, President Wilson pushed Congress to pass the Selective Service Act. The Selective Service Act (1917) authorized a draft of young men for military service. Over the course of the war, more than 24 million Americans registered for the draft. Of these, about 2.8 million were actually drafted.

24. Constructing a Wartime Economy During the war, the War Industries Board determined what products industries would make, whose products went, and how much they would cost. Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration, set prices high for wheat and other foodstuffs to encourage farmers to increase production. Americans were also encouraged to conserve food as a patriotic gesture.

25. The Committee of Public Information The Committee of Public Information (CPI) had the job of convincing Americans that the war effort was a just cause. The CPI distributed pamphlets, press releases, and millions of posters that dramatized the needs of America and its allies. The CPI helped earned widespread support for the American war effort. "Over There"

26. Opposition to the War There were some Americans who opposed the war. Some Americans opposed the war for cultural reasons, such as German Americans. Others were opposed to the draft. There were also conscientious objectors, whose moral or religious beliefs forbade them to fight in wars.

27. Espionage and Sedition Acts In June 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act, which allowed postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or printed materials from the mail. In 1918, The Sedition act limited freedom of speech even further. The Sedition Act made it unlawful to use “disloyal” or “profane” language about the United States.

28. Prejudice Against German Americans During the war, many German Americans faced prejudice from their fellow Americans. Occasionally, hatred of the German enemy boiled over into violence against German Americans. Some German Americans were harassed, others were beaten, and a few were even killed.

29. Women Support the War Effort As men entered the armed forces, many women moved into the workforce for the first time. Women filled jobs that were vacated by men who had gone to fight. By their efforts and sacrifices during the war, women convinced President Wilson to support their suffrage demands.

30. African Americans during WWI From the outset, most African American leaders supported the war. On the battlefield, African American soldiers fought in segregated units under the command of white officers. Back at home, the Great Migration occurred when large numbers of African Americans moved from the rural South to the industrial North.

31. American Troops Join the Fight In 1917, the Allies received a blow when Russia withdrew from the war. Russia’s exit from the war allowed Germany to send more soldiers to the Western Front. It was not until early 1918 that American troops began arriving in large numbers. The American troops, added to those of France, Britain, and Italy gave the Allies a military advantage.

32. The War Ends By the fall of 1918 the German front was collapsing. On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered to the Allies. The war was over! Almost 5 million Allied and 8 million Central Power troops were dead, and nearly 6.5 million civilians were also dead. The total # of U.S. deaths amounted to 116,000.

33. Wilson’s Fourteen Points Before the war ended, Wilson outlined America’s war aims in what became known as the Fourteen Points. The Fourteen Points called for self- determination, open diplomacy, a moved toward ending colonialism, a general reduction of arms, and the formation of a League of Nations.

34. The Paris Peace Conference At the Paris Peace Conference, the other Allied leaders did not support Wilson’s plan. They insisted that Germany make reparations, or payment for war damages. They did agree, however on a League of Nations. The League of Nations was to be a world organization where countries could gather and peacefully resolve their quarrels.

35. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) In the end, the Treaty of Versailles (1919) required Germany to accept full responsibility for the war. It also forced Germany to disarm, make territorial concessions, and pay reparations totaling $31 billion. Furthermore, in the Middle East, the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to new states in which ethnic groups were clustered together randomly.

36. The Senate Rejects the Versailles Treaty Ultimately, the Senate rejected the Versailles Treaty and membership in the League of Nations. The League of Nations would eventually be replaced by the United Nations. Instead, it was the Knox-Porter Resolution (1921) that formally ended the United States’ involvement in World War I.

37. Red Scare The emergence of the Soviet Union as a communist nation in 1917 prompted the (First) Red Scare. The Red Scare was a wave of widespread fear of suspected communist and radicals thought to be plotting within the United States. Labor strikes were also often associated with communism, and many radicals and immigrants were targeted (i.e. Palmer Raids).

38. Effects of World War I World War I caused sweeping changes around the globe. German and Russian monarchies toppled, and new forms of government were created. The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist. Britain and France emerged victorious, but weakened. Lastly, the United States came out of the war strong, confident, and prosperous.

39. Pop Culture -1910s