1. By: Hap Henry

2. Pre-1880 Imperialism French began conquering Algeria in 1830 Portuguese controlled Angola and Mozambique Trading posts and forts dotted West African coast British took possession of Dutch settlements at Cape Town in South Africa

3. Conflict Between British and Dutch Disgruntled Dutch farmers (Boers/Afrikaners) made Great Trek in 1835 in which they fought Zulu and Xhosa for land By 1880 both Afrikaners and British took most of Zulu and Xhosa land in South Africa

4. Boer Wars (1880-1881) and (1889-1902) First Boer War: Boers successfully revolted against British and re-established an independent republic in Transvaal (northern South Africa) Second Boer War: ended with Boer republics becoming British colonies with limited self-government (eventually formed part of the Union of South Africa)

5. Scramble for Africa (1880-1914)

6. Reasons for African Imperialism Economy National security Military power International prestige Divert attention from domestic struggles Social Darwinism “White Man’s Burden”

7. Berlin Conference (1884-1885) Called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck of Germany Eliminated most forms of African autonomy and self-governance Formalized “Scramble for Africa”

8. Belgium in Africa “The sea bathes our coast, the world lies before us” -Leopold II Leopold II sent Henry M. Stanley to explore Congo basin Established Congo Free State (now Rwanda, Burundi, and Democratic Republic of the Congo)

9. France in Africa Sent Pierre de Brazza to establish French protectorate north of Congo River Algeria Morocco Mauritania Senegal Cameroon French Sudan (Mali) Guinea Ivory Coast Niger Upper Volta (Burkina Faso) Dahomey (Benin) Gabon Middle Congo (Republic of the Congo) Oubangi-Chari (Central African Republic) Chad French Somaliland (Djibouti) Madagascar Comoros

10. Germany in Africa Bismarck cooperated with Jules Ferry of France against British colonization German Kamerun (Cameroon and part of Nigeria) German East Africa (part of Tanzania) German South-West Africa (Namibia) German Togoland (Togo) German East Africa in red, other contemporary German colonies in blue.

11. Italy in Africa Italian North Africa (Libya) Eritrea Italian Somaliland (part of Somalia)

12. Portugal in Africa Portuguese West Africa (Angola) Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau) Cape Verde Islands São Tomé e Príncipe

13. Spain in Africa Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra (Western Sahara) Tarfaya Strip and Infi (part of Morocco) Fernando Po, Río Muni, and Annobon (Equatorial Guinea)

14. United Kingdom in Africa Egypt Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Sudan) British East Africa (Kenya and Uganda) Zanzibar British Somaliland (part of Somalia) Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) Bechuanaland (Botswana) Orange Free State (part of South Africa) British South Africa The Gambia Sierra Leone Nigeria Western provinces of Cameroon British Gold Coast (Ghana) Nyasaland (Malawi)

15. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) Claimed vast tracts in Africa for Britain Founded De Beers Mining Company and monopolized southern Africa’s diamond production Prime Minister of the Cape colony (1890-1896) “I content that we are the finest race in the world and the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race.” Helped lay the foundation for South African apartheid

16. Independent African States Ethiopia Liberia