2. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Chapter 4 Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine System Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1

3. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 The Endocrine System  uses powerful chemical messengers called hormones to:  maintain homeostasis  respond to stress  regulate essential functions  control metabolic rate  direct growth and development

4. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Major Glands of Normal Endocrine System

5. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Hormones are chemical messengers that:  are either amino acids (proteins) or steroids  are secreted into the bloodstream by specialized glands  target their actions to very specific tissue receptor sites

6. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Important hormones include:  insulin and glucagon  estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone  thyroxine, calcitonin, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)  vasopressin  cortisol and cortisone  aldosterone  growth hormone (GH)  follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

7. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Hypothalamus-Pituitary- Thyroid Gland Feedback Mechanism

8. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Thyroid Gland Diseases  A group of disorders caused by increased or decreased amounts of thyroid hormones:  Simple goiter  Hashimoto disease  Hyperthyroidism/Graves’ disease  Hypothyroidism  Myxedema

9. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Thyroid Gland Diseases Symptoms Hypofunction  bradycardia  constipation  weight gain  reduced alertness  fatigue  edema/bloating  poor circulation  cold intolerance  dry skin and hair Hyperfunction  tachycardia/palpitations  diarrhea  weight loss  anxiety/restlessness  fatigue  appetite  sweating  heat intolerance  hair loss

10. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Simple Goiter www.thachers.org/internal_medicine.htm

11. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Thyroid Gland Diseases: Hyperthyroidism www.nytimes.com/.../adam/17067Gravesdisease.html

12. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Thyroid Gland Diseases: Hypothyroidism www.jcrows.com/hypothyroidism.html Myxedema

13. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12  Cretinism Thyroid Gland Diseases: Hypothyroidism

14. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Thyroid Gland Diseases: Thyroid Cancer  Painless lump or nodule on the thyroid gland that is malignant.  Treatment is usually surgery to remove the thyroid gland and any involved lymph nodes and replacement hormone.  Anaplastic types may only be treated with radiation and chemotherapy to prolong survival.

15. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Adrenal Gland Diseases  Cushing Syndrome www.healthmad.com/Conditions-and-Diseases

16. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Adrenal Gland Diseases (cont’d.)  Addison Disease  partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function  onset usually gradual over weeks to months  fatigue, weakness, gastrointestinal disturbances, weight loss, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular problems, depression, anxiety, “bronzing” of skin tone  treatment includes replacement of natural hormones; increased fluid intake; control of salt and potassium intake; and high carbohydrate/protein diet

17. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas  Diabetes Mellitus  little or no insulin production in the pancreas  transport of glucose to cells is impaired  cells begin to use fats and proteins as energy alternative  blood glucose levels continue to increase, resulting in state of hyperglycemia  signs and symptoms include frequent thirst, urination, weight loss, fatigue, increased appetite

18. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas (cont’d.)  Diabetes Mellitus  Type 1: early, abrupt onset before age 30 with little or no insulin secreted  Type 2: more common form with gradual onset after age 30, especially after age 55, with some pancreatic function intact

19. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas (cont’d.)  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)  Type 3: decreased ability to metabolize glucose during pregnancy with onset around 24-28 weeks of gestation; the condition usually disappears by 6 weeks postpartum  Treatment might include control of diet; limited intake of simple sugars; oral hypoglycemic agents; insulin

20. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas (cont’d.)  Hypoglycemia  abnormally low blood glucose level that can be caused by excessive insulin secretion in the pancreas, fasting, or medications  signs and symptoms: sweating, nervousness, hunger, weakness, dizziness, headache, palpitations, confusion, visual disturbances  if severe or untreated, can cause seizures, stupor, coma, and death  Treatment: acute requires intravenous infusion of glucose; hormone glucagon; complex carbohydrate/protein snack with stabilization

21. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Warning Signs and Interventions for Diabetic Coma and Insulin Reaction

22. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

23. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Medical Alert Bracelet

24. Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Medical Alert System