1. History & Archaeology

3. FREE WRITE: Tuesday  What is one important thing you know about academic writing that you can take with you next year.  What are two things you are grateful for today?

4. Go take a picture  Go take a picture of something in this building that could be here in 500 years  email it to:  fhsanthro@gmail.com fhsanthro@gmail.com

5.  Both historians and archaeologists study the past.  For centuries historians have used written records as their main source of information about historical events, people and groups.  This reliance on written evidence has limited what historians can learn about the past.  This is where archaeology comes in – studying the material remains of the past to learn about how people lived. Thereby helping to fill the ‘gaps’ left by only studying written records. History & Archaeology

6. Role of the Historian What do historians do?  Study written evidence to investigate the past.

7. Role of the Archaeologists What do archaeologists do?  Study the human past through physical remains called artifacts.  Artifacts are objects made, used or modified by humans.

8. What is Archaeology?  The word ‘archaeology’ is ancient Greek in origin. Its simple meaning is the study of everything ancient.  Today, archaeology is a systematic and scientific approach to collecting, classifying and interpreting physical remains.  Archaeologists examine objects from left behind from a society.

9. What is Archaeology?  These objects often relate to everyday life – particularly unimportant details of life that are not recorded in written records.  We can learn more about what life was like for the average person in a society from archaeological evidence than from written records, which are usually concerned with the wealthy and important people of a society.  Archaeology is critical for gaining an understanding of people who did not leave written records behind.

10. Historians and Archaeologists  In piecing together evidence about an ancient event or personality, the work of BOTH the historian and the archaeologist contribute to a more complete study.  Archaeology and history are complimentary.  For example, a historian would be interested in reading ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs on a papyrus, the archaeologist would be interested in what material it was made from, the process used to manufacture the papyrus and the way in which the paint was developed.

11. Sources and Evidence  History and archaeology are really about asking questions, not just finding answers.  Historians and archaeologists must look at sources and ask questions to find the evidence they are looking for.  A source is anything that has survived from the past. It can be written or an archaeological artifact.  A source should not be confused with evidence.  Evidence is the information that comes from a source – it tends to prove or disprove a conclusion – to establish a point. A source becomes evidence once an historian or archaeologist has used it.

12. Some important terms… Find the definition for the following words, then define it in your OWN words.  Archaeologist  Historian  Classifying  Artifact  Interpreting  Source  Evidence

13. King Tut’s tomb was a major discovery of the 19th century. It was discovered November 4, 1922 in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter. It was a phenomenal discovery that made headlines across the world. Up until the discovery of King Tut’s tomb, it was believed that all royal tombs had been robbed and drained of their treasure. For the first time, a tomb, which was almost intact, had been discovered and remained hidden from robbers for thousands of years. The tomb revealed an elaborate lifestyle that many people could only dream about as well as providing clues and insight into King Tut’s life and how he lived. It had been sealed for over 3,200 years. Egyptologists: A specific focus in Archaeology

14. Case Study The Tomb of King Tutankhamun If we look at one of the most spectacular finds in the history of archaeology, the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun in ancient Egypt, we can see how historians and archaeologists work to piece together the evidence. The following is a list of evidence of the tomb of Tutankhamun.

15. Case Study The Tomb of King Tutankhamun Write down which evidence would be studied by an historian and which would be studied by an archaeologist.  Stelas (ancient stone with inscription)  The sarcophagus (ancient coffin)  Tomb burial goods  Wall paintings  Statues  Temples  Official documents  Inscriptions on statues  Temple inscriptions  Writings on burial goods  Mummified body  Tomb inscriptions

16. What evidence did the sources reveal?  King Tut was tall but physically frail, with a crippling bone disease in his clubbed left foot. He is the only pharaoh known to have been depicted seated while engaged in physical activities like archery. Traditional inbreeding in the Egyptian royal family also likely contributed to the king’s poor health and early death. DNA tests published in 2010 revealed that Tutankhamen’s parents were brother and sister and that his wife, Ankhesenamun, was also his half-sister. Their only two daughters were stillborn.  CT scans in 1995 showed that the king had an infected broken left leg, while DNA from his mummy revealed evidence of multiple malaria infections, all of which may have contributed to his early death.

17. As clearly depicted in the above painting, the heart of the deceased would be weighed against the Shu’s feather of truth and justice taken from the headdress of goddess Ma’at. If the heart was lighter than the feather, they could pass on, but if it were heavier they would be devoured by the demon Ammut. This scene depicts what occurs after a person has died, according to the ancient Egyptians. http://www.ancienthistorylists.com/egypt-history/top-10-outstanding-ancient-egyptian-paintings/#ixzz405ijoGat

18. Study the broken gravestone… For 39 years married to one husband…left three surviving children by him, a son who has held the highest municipal posts through the favour of Augustus Caesar, another who in the army of the same Caesar Augustus has held the highest posts of the equestrian rank and is now marked out for a higher rank, and a most virtuous daughter married to a most upright man and through her, two grandchildren... 1.What is the source? What is the evidence? 2.What can we learn about the owner of the gravestone from this source? 3.What basic information about her is missing? 4.What other sources may be useful to help us find the missing information? Broken Roman Grave stone inscription from Corfinium, Italy

19. The family of Caroline Cutter, who died in Milford in the mid-1800s, really wanted to make sure she got the final word in death. Her rectangular headstone in Elm Street Cemetery features a 150-word screed accusing the local ministry for her demise. She was “murdered by the Baptist Ministry and Baptist Church,” according to the stone. One deacon and a minister accused her of lying in a church meeting and then another deacon somehow “reduced [her] to poverty.” These church staff members are called out by name on the stone and Caroline sends out a final admonishment: “Tell the truth and the iniquity will come out.” Photo by J.W. Ocker

20. The Work of the Historian What is an Historian?  Someone who studies the past using written evidence The Skills of the Historian Historians search for evidence in many places: gravestones, inscriptions on buildings, coins, letters etc. These are sources of evidence as they provide basic information for the historian. An historian:  asks questions  researches the past  evaluates sources and makes judgments based on them  analyses and interprets evidence  draw conclusions  communicates and explains the past  emphasizes with people from the past  tries to gain and understanding of the past

21. The Work of the Archaeologist Archaeology is a multi-faced discipline. Much like doctors, archaeologists tend to ‘specialize’ in one area of expertise. Find the Definition for the Following:  Pre-historians  Egyptologists  Classical Archaeologists  Near-Eastern Archaeologists  Historical Archaeologists  Industrial Archaeologists  Marine Archaeologists

22. The Work of the Archaeologist Archaeology is a multi-faced discipline. Much like doctors, archaeologists tend to ‘specialize’ in one area of expertise. Pre-historians The term prehistory has been used to describe the periods from early human life to the beginning of written history. Pre-historians therefore study the time of humans before the introduction of writing. Egyptologists Study the culture of ancient Egypt. They could be archaeologists mostly concerned with material remains or historians concerned with the written evidence of Egypt. Classical Archaeologists Study the written and archaeological remains of ancient Greece and Rome.

23. The Work of the Archaeologist Near-Eastern Archaeologists Study the area of the world including Persia, Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq). Historical Archaeologists Study more recent sites with the aid of written records. In Australia, this would include the study of early colonial sites. Industrial Archaeologists Study sites, buildings and associated objects built and manufactured over the last 300 years. Marine Archaeologists Study submerged buildings, shipwrecks, sea and lakebeds with the help of complex scientific machinery and techniques.

24. The Skills of the Archaeologist An Archaeologist:  investigates the past  identifies material evidence  asks questions of sources  collects evidence and observes  classifies evidence, placing it in its correct context of time and place  interprets evidence and draws conclusions  evaluates material evidence and makes judgements about it  communicates and explains theories about the past

25. Study the artifacts… Write down the following questions: 1. What is it? 2. What is it made from? 3. Where did it come from? 4. What is it’s function? 5. What does it tell us about the society? 6. Use the language :site, taphonomy, source, evidence, artifact, feature, typology…..

26. Artifact 1

27. Artifact 2

28. Artifact 3

29. Artifact 4

30. Artifacts 5,6

31. Artifact 7

32. Archaeology vs. Ethnography Archeology looks at artifacts. Those items left behind by a culture. History looks at written evidence of the past. Ethnography actually studies living people and cultures in-situ as seen in the reading you have just completed. All these disciplines involve analyzing evidence for purpose and meaning and understanding.

34. Looking at Sources  For each object:  Describe the object  What is it made of?  What is its purpose?  Is it symbolic?  Is it archaeological evidence or a written source or both?  What can it tell you about the people who made and used it?  Is the object most helpful in finding out about: daily life culture & beliefs social and political life?