1. Evaluation Dynagrid® NG 328, impact on Battery Cycle-Life
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Evaluation Dynagrid® NG 328, impact on Battery Cycle-Life
COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT
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2. DYNAGRID® NG Present and future: extending battery life of SLI and SSI
What it is
How it works
Benefits
Cellulose fibers
Cellulose dissolves
Synthetic scrim remains on plate surface
Less shedding charge/discharge cycling
Reduced shedding due vibration and shock
Acid resistant fibers
Dynagrid NG protects integrity of active mass
Longer Battery Life

3. DYNAGRID® NG28 Before and after dissolving
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4. DYNAGRID® NG28 Scrim firmly embedded on Plate Surface
Use of retainer material pioneered in tubular electrodes for deep discharge batteries. Commonly reach 1000 cycles.
Scrim firmly embedded on Plate Surface
Synthetic scrim Limits shedding of Plate
Protects against
Charge/discharge cycling
Rough terrain usage (mechanical vibrations)
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5. SEM images DYNAGRID® NG On plate surface
Detail:
Detail:
Containment of paste
Cellulose fiber on surface
Polyester fibers (smooth surface) on paste surface
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6. Evaluation of Retainer Materials in Lead Acid Batteries Performed for Glatfelter at IEES, Sofia Under supervision of Dr. Ruevski and Prof. Pavlov.
Goals
Firstly, to quantify the impact of Dynagrid NG 328 on the 50% DOD (depth of discharge) cycle-life by comparing it to cycle-life obtained with a battery produced using our standard pasting paper, Dynagrid 313.
Secondly, to compare the improvement in DOD 50% cycle-life obtained using Dynagrid 328 with the cycle-life improvement obtained using a commercially available glass-scrim.
Thirdly, to quantify and compare the cycle-life of a new Glatfelter paper at present in development by NPD, the intention is that this paper can be submitted for testing by July.
IEES: Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems
Goal: Evaluate impact of Dynagrid® NG328 on battery cycle life.
Approach: Benchmark Dynagrid® NG328 with:
Reference battery, no pasting paper applied
Battery with Dynagrid® 313
Dynagrid® NG328
Glass scrim
Test used: 50% DOD at 40°C, based on VW75073
Electrical properties being monitored:
Internal Resistance (IR)
Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA) at -18°C
C20 Capacity
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7. Samples
Test Samples
In total eight batteries were made, two batteries for each pasting material.
Rated capacity of each battery 44 Ah
IEES manufactured the battery plates
Battery assembly was done on commercial line
Electrolyte filling and plate formation done at IEES
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8. DOD 50% cycling at 40°C End-of Discharge Voltage vs.Number of Cycles
Reference batteries 1 & 2
DYNAGRID 313-1
DYNAGRID 313-2

9. DOD 50% cycling at 40°C End-of Discharge Voltage vs.Number of Cycles
Reference batteries 1 & 2
GLASS FIBER scrim-1
GLASS FIBER scrim-2

10. DOD 50% cycling at 40°C End-of Discharge Voltage vs.Number of Cycles
Reference batteries 1 & 2
DYNAGRID 328-1
DYNAGRID 328-2

11. 50% DOD cycling at 40°C
From Figure 1 the EODV 1st cycle are essentially the same. Following cycling a ranking can be made giving in descending order:
EODV FIN1(328) > EODV FIN1(GV) > EODV FIN1(313) > EODV FIN(Ref)
The above sequence EDOV implies that NG328 offers the best protection to the mass of the positive plate, during the first unit of 120 cycles. Granted the differences are minor but the trend is clear.
Comparison: Number of Cycles to 10 V switch-off Point
REFERENCE
Dynagrid 313
Dynagrid NG328
glass scrim
BAT 01 02 11 12 21 22 31 32
NUMBER OF CYCLES
229
218
224
268
324
313
307
336
AVEAGE
223.5
246
318.5
321.5
CHANGE
PER BAT -- 0%
20%
45%
40%
37%
50%
AVERAGE
10%
43%
44%
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12. Internal Resistance IR Prior to cycling test:
As can be seen from Figure 2 before cycling the reference batteries have lowest internal resistance. Ranking the internal resistances gives the following sequence in ascending order.
IR INIT1(Ref) < IR INIT1(GV) < IR INIT1(328) < IR INIT1(313)
These results show the lower internal resistance of the reference batteries, which can be expected as there is no fibre covering the plate. The other batteries higher and roughly equal internal resistance
However, after the first unit of 120 charge-discharge cycles the order of ascending resistance has changed to:
IR 2ND(328) < IR 2ND(313)=IR 2ND(GV) < IR 2ND(ref).
While it’s too early to draw hard conclusions, it is a fact that, both the CCA and C20 capacity measurements (reported below) support the lower observed internal resistance of NG328 after cycling. NG328 shows better CCA and C20 capacity values compared to GV glass-veil after first 120 cycles. IR
Prior to cycling test:
(Ref) < (glass scrim) < (328) < (313)
Following 1st cycle test:
(328) < (313) = (glass scrim) < (ref).
Following 2nd cycle test:
(328) < (glass scrim) < (313)
Ref.
313
328
glass scrim
IR INIT1: internal resistance measured prior to cycling test.
IR 1ST: internal resistance after first 120 cycles, 25 and 40 deg. C
IR 2ND: internal resistance after 240 cycles, 25 and 40 deg. C
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13. Cold Cranking Amperes at -18°C, according EN
CCA
Prior to cycling test
(Ref) > (glass scrim) > (328) > (313)
Following 1st cycle test:
(328) > (glass scrim) > (313) > (Ref)
Following 2nd cycle test:
(328) > (glass scrim) > (313)
Ref.
313
328 GV
CCA IN1: cold cranking measured prior to cycling
CCA1: cold cranking measured following 120 cycles
CCA2: cold cranking measured following 240 cycles
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14. Cold Cranking Amperes at -18°C, according DIN
CCA
Prior to cycle test
(Ref) > (glass scrim) > (328) > (313)
Following 1st cycle test
(328) > (glass scrim) > (313) > (Ref)
Following 2nd cycling test:
(328) > (glass scrim) > (313)
Ref.
313
328 GV
CCA IN1: cold cranking measured prior to cycling
CCA1: cold cranking measured following 120 cycles
CCA2: cold cranking measured following 240 cycles
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15. C20 Discharge Capacity C20 Capacity Prior to cycling test:
C20 Discharge capacity, discharge to cut-off voltage 10.5V, at Amp.
C20 Capacity
Prior to cycling test:
(Ref) = (313) = (328) = (glass scrim)
Following 1st cycle test:
(328) > (glass scrim) > (313) > (Ref)
Following 2nd cycle test:
(328) > (glass scrim) > (313)
Ref.
313
328 GV
glass scrim
DCHRG IN1 to IN3: C20 capacity prior to cycling
DCHRG 1: C20 capacity following 120 cycles
DCHRG 2: C20 capacity following 240 cycles
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16. Teardown analysis Reference and Dynagrid® 313 battery Positive Plate
Reference Battery
After Cycling
Positive Plate
“313” Battery
After Cycling
Dynagrid NG328
Polyester scrim
covering plate
Active mass in place

17. Teardown analysis
Dynagrid® NG328 and glass fiber scrim after removal from plate
Polyester scrim
completely intact
Glass scrim disintegrates, as binder has is dissolved.

18. Polyester scrim prior to
SEM Image Showing Condition of Polyester Scrim before and after DoD 50% Cycle Tests
Thermal bonding
before cycling
Polyester scrim prior to
DoD 50% cycle test
Thermal bonding at fibre intersection
Polyester scrim after
withstanding
DoD 50% cycle test
Thermal bonding
After cycling

19. Condition of Glass Scrim before and after DoD 50% Cycle Tests
Binder ensures
fibre-to -fibre
adhesion
Glass scrim prior to
DoD 50% cycle test
Glass scrim after
withstanding
DoD 50% cycle test
After cycling
binder has
dissolved

20. Conclusions All batteries produced are effectively identical
All batteries have passed the first unit 120 cycles 50% DOD at 40 ºC.
Electricals properties were measured prior to and after cycling Properties measured are internal resistance, cold cranking Ampere and C20 charge/discharge capacity.
IEES has succeeded in making 8 almost indentical batteries. This is obvious from the C20 discharge capacities of the batteries prior to undergoing the cycling test
Ranking of the electrical properties changes due to effect of cycling and degradation of structure in positive plates. For example, reference batteries have lowest internal resistance directly after production, while they have highest internal resistance after 120 charge discharge cycles
After first set of 120 cycles Dynagrid NG328 shows:
best IR,
highest CCA and C20 capacity values.
Highest EODV on completion of 120 cycles, DOD 50% test.
All batteries produced are effectively identical
Cycle life
Increase of cycle life Dynagrid®NG 328 and glass scrim are equal
43% increase in cycle life NG328
44% increase in cycle life glass scrim
Evolution of other electrical properties during cycling
Lowest Internal Resistance
Highest CCA at -18 ºC measured to EN and DIN
Highest C20 capacity
Condition of scrim
Polyester scrim is intact: both the individual fibres and the thermally bonded cross-over points
Glass scrim fibres are intact, but binder is dissolved, therefore no adhesion between fibres
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21. Thank you for your attention
All batteries have passed the first unit 120 cycles 50% DOD at 40 ºC.
Electricals properties were measured prior to and after cycling Properties measured are internal resistance, cold cranking Ampere and C20 charge/discharge capacity.
IEES has succeeded in making 8 almost indentical batteries. This is obvious from the C20 discharge capacities of the batteries prior to undergoing the cycling test
Ranking of the electrical properties changes due to effect of cycling and degradation of structure in positive plates. For example, reference batteries have lowest internal resistance directly after production, while they have highest internal resistance after 120 charge discharge cycles
After first set of 120 cycles Dynagrid NG328 shows:
best IR,
highest CCA and C20 capacity values.
Highest EODV on completion of 120 cycles, DOD 50% test.
Thank you for your attention
Please visit us at booth 21 for more details and information.
The Glatfelter Team:
Marat Zhafyarov
Nikolai Moskalchuk
Brendan Naughton
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