1. Center of Excellence POEMES, IEES (CLEPS), BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES XRD in battery technology – paste preparation Source: S. Vasilev, to be published

2. Center of Excellence POEMES, IEES (CLEPS), BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES cured formed  PbO 2 3BS XRD in battery technology - paste processing Source: S. Vasilev, to be published

3. Center of Excellence POEMES, IEES (CLEPS), BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Source: D. Pavlov and S. Ruevski, J. Power Sources, 95 (2001) 191. Segments of the XRD patterns for 4BS pastes prepared by the semi-suspension technology

4. Center of Excellence POEMES, IEES (CLEPS), BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES XRD determinations in PAM/AMCL/CL phase composition and average crystallite size Pb CL AMCLPAM SGT positive plate structure Sub-layers in the SGTP electrode and sample collecting points PAM Pb strap grid interface - sample collecting point 5 - 7 samples per cross section Source: B. Monahov, A. Kirchev and D. Pavlov, Influence of the current collector/PAM interface on the performance of VRLA batteries in the partial state of charge duty, presented at the STORE conference, Oct. 20-21, 2003, Aix-en-Provence, France

5. Center of Excellence POEMES, IEES (CLEPS), BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES  constant phase composition in PAM  major phase composition changes in the interface (CL+AMCL)  the interface resistance probably rises rapidly at discharge SGTP battery at the end of cycle life: In-depth phase composition distribution in PAM Source: B. Monahov, A. Kirchev and D. Pavlov, Influence of the current collector/PAM interface on the performance of VRLA batteries in the partial state of charge duty, presented at the STORE conference, Oct. 20-21, 2003, Aix-en-Provence, France

6. Center of Excellence POEMES, IEES (CLEPS), BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES In-depth crystallite size distribution in PAM  -PbO 2 crystal size decreases markedly in the interface  -PbO 2 / tet PbO crystal size decreases in the interface PbSO 4 crystal size does not change in the interface and PAM

7. Center of Excellence POEMES, IEES (CLEPS), BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Contributions to VRLAB based on the XRD method (in combination with EC polarisation and SEM) 1.Membrane model of the Pb/PbSO 4 electrode 2.Semiconductor model of the Pb/PbO/PbSO 4 electrode 3.Gel-crystal model of the PbO 2 electrode. 4.Models of the influence of additives of Sb, Sn, Ag etc. on the structure of the Pb/PbO n /PbO 2 electrode, the PAM and the corrosion layer. 5.Models of the corrosion mechanisms and the corrosion layer structure of pure lead and its alloys in sulphuric acid. 6.Model of the in-depth structure profile of the positive battery plate. 7.Model of the influence of expanders on the NAM structure. 8.Development of technologies for paste preparation, drying, curing and formation. 9.Models of the degradation processes in PAM and NAM.