1. First Aid for Divers Musculo 1 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Injury to Muscles, Bones and Joints

2. First Aid for Divers Musculo 2 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Contents Anatomy Sprains and strains Fractures and dislocations

3. First Aid for Divers Musculo 3 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Bones and muscles Skeleton ●bones ●ligaments ●support, protection, movement Muscles ●muscle ●tendons ●movement, vital functions

4. First Aid for Divers Musculo 4 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Sprains & strains Sprain ●stretching or tearing tissues at a joint ●pain at joint ●swelling ●bruising and discolouration (later) ●pain on movement ●inability to move joint Strain ●overstretching of a muscle ●sudden sharp pain at site of injury ●swelling in limb muscle

5. First Aid for Divers Musculo 5 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Treatment R est - support in most comfortable position I ce bag or cold water compress C ompression with cotton wool and bandage E levation of injured area Evacuate to medical aid

6. First Aid for Divers Musculo 6 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Fracture causes Break or crack in bone Direct force Indirect force Violent muscular contraction

7. First Aid for Divers Musculo 7 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Fracture features Types ●open ●closed Complications ●associated injuries ○organs ○blood vessels ○tissues ○nerves ○spine ●missed injuries ●shock

8. First Aid for Divers Musculo 8 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Dislocation Displacement of one or more bones at a joint Treat the same as a fracture ●hard to distinguish anyway ●do not attempt to reset Dislocated Normal

9. First Aid for Divers Musculo 9 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Signs & symptoms Sound Visible bone ends Pain Deformity Crepitus Tenderness Swelling/bruising Loss of power Shock

10. First Aid for Divers Musculo 10 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Treatment Immobilise where lying Steady limb until splinted Support in most comfortable position Dress open fracture before splinting Transport slowly and deliberately Don’t miss other less obvious conditions Treat for shock Nil by mouth Evacuate to medical facility

11. First Aid for Divers Musculo 11 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Practicalities Uninjured limbs make good splints Splints need length & rigidity Padding Natural hollows Knots away from injury Don’t bind too tightly Raise injury if possible

12. First Aid for Divers Musculo 12 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Summary Anatomy Sprains and strains Fractures and dislocations

13. First Aid for Divers Musculo 13 FAD 09 v1.3 Copyright © BSAC 2009