1. Utopian Movements Brook Farm: Massachusetts; communal farm community; Transcendentalists; tried to balance time for work and intellectual pursuits Shakers: separated men & women; celibate & no marriage; held property in common; shared all work & profits; quiet & contemplative New Harmony: Indiana; created by former industrialist Robert Owen as a socialist experiment; failed due to money problems & a lack of harmony among members Oneida Community: New York; shared everything (work, property, profits, & marriage partners); open criticism sessions to promote humility; no excess of passions (including sexual passions)

2. Care for Troubled People (Mentally Ill, Poor, & Criminal) Mental Hospitals: Dorothea Dix; promoted state supported care instead of dumping people mental illness into prisons Schools for the Blind & Deaf Prison Reform: from jails to penitentiaries; tries to reform the criminal; Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia and Auburn system in NY

3. Abolitionism American Colonization Society: 1820-1860; send slaves to Monrovia, Liberia; only 12,000 out of 4 million slaves American Antislavery Society: early 1830s; Wm. L. Garrison & his newspaper “The Liberator” Liberty Party: 1840 & 1844; James Birney for President on antislavery platform Black Abolitionists: freed slaves like Frederick Douglass persuaded many to abolitionist cause Violence: Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) killed 55 whites in Virginia; hundreds of blacks killed in retaliation; ends anti-slavery talk in the South