1. AP Review: Unit 4.3 (Society and State) Early Modern Era 1450 CE-1750 CE

2. Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and imperial expansion Around the world, states and empires used various strategies to consolidate their power: Centralization More efficient tax systems -> sometimes causing peasant rebellions Used art/architecture to display power Strategies used in European empires varied depending on their location Africa, Asia, and the Indian Ocean: interconnected trading posts and enclaves Americas: settlement and territorial control

3. Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and imperial expansion Rulers used art and architecture to legitimize their rule Monumental architecture Courtly literature Rulers also used religions to legitimize their rule Europe: divine right rule China: Mandate of heaven Aztecs: human sacrifice

4. Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and imperial expansion States treated different ethnic and religious minorities in the following ways: Utilized their economic contributions (taxes, production etc.) Ex: Ottomans with Non-Muslims Limiting their ability to challenge the state Ex: Manchus’ treatment of Chinese Rulers ensured that their governments ran well by: Recruiting bureaucratic elites Ex: Chinese examination system Development of military professionals Ex: Ottoman devshirme system

5. Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and imperial expansion Rulers used the following to generate revenue for territorial expansion and public works: Tribute collection Tax farming In order to establish and expand large empires, states depended on: Gunpowder Cannons Armed trade Europeans established trading post empires in: Africa and Asia (specifically south and southeast Asia)

6. Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and imperial expansion Land based empires dramatically expanded in size

7. Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and imperial expansion European states also established new maritime empires Portugal Spain

8. Netherlands France Britain

9. Key Concept 4.3: State consolidation and imperial expansion States were faced with following obstacles in their process of empire-building Competition over trade routes: Piracy in the Caribbean State rivalries (war): Thirty years war Ottoman- Safavid Conflict Local resistance: Food riots Samurai revolts Peasant rebellions