1. Do Now Draw a picture of a Rome that depicts the different vocabulary. Label the pictures.  Republic -a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote  Patrician -great landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic  Plebeian -in the Roman Republic, a social class made up of minor landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers  Consul -a chief executive officer of the Roman Republic; two were elected each year, one to run the government and one to lead the army into battle  Praetor -an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law

2. Chapter 5 Section 2 From Republic to Empire

3. Questions  What led to a group of senators taking the law into their own hands and killing Tiberius in 133 b.c.?  Who were Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar and what events led to one of them becoming dictator in 45 b.c.?  What events led to the period beginning in 31 b.c. and lasting until a.d. 14 that came to be known as the Age of Augustus.  What taught Augustus that Rome’s power was not unlimited and what did it do to him?  Why did Hadrian withdraw Roman forces from much of Mesopotamia?

4. Answers Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (GRAkuhs), urged the council of the plebs to pass land-reform bills that called for the government to take back public land held by large landowners and give it to landless Romans.

5. Answers  Crassus was known as the richest man in Rome. Pompey had returned from a successful command in Spain as a military hero. Julius Caesar also had a military command in Spain.  Caesar’s march on Rome started a civil war between his forces and those of Pompey and his allies. Pompey’s defeat left Caesar in complete control of the Roman government.

6. Answers  Within a few years after Caesar ’s death only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian took the west; Antony, the east. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. Octavian’s forces smashed the army and the navy of Antony and Cleopatra.

7. Answers  His attempt to conquer Germany failed when three Roman legions led by the Roman general Varus were massacred by German warriors.  This knowledge devastated him. For months, he would beat his head on a door, shouting, “Varus, give me back my legions!”

8. Answers  Trajan extended Roman rule into Dacia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula, his successors realized that the empire was too large to be easily governed.

9. Activity  Draw a Map of the different trade routes similar to the one on page 158.  What were the economic conditions and chief occupations in Rome during the Early Empire?