1. Grammar 2 The Second Semester 2015-2016 Clauses Presented by Dr. Mohamed Sha’at

2. Objectives of the session Students are expected to: 1- distinguish clauses from non clauses. 2- name the different types of clauses. 3- do a quiz.

4. What is a clause? Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb.Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb. 1- ecology is a science clause 2- to protect the environment Not a clause 3- after working all day Not a clause 4- because pollution causes cancer a clause

5. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent. An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself. An independent clause is formed with a subject and a verb and often a complement.An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself. An independent clause is formed with a subject and a verb and often a complement. 1- The sun rose. 2- Water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones. (a complement) (a complement)

6. A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that, or who. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. A dependent clause is also called a sentence fragment. It cannot convey a full meaning by itself. It is an incomplete sentence. A dependent clause is formed with a subordinator, a subject, and a verb. The following are some examples of subordinating conjunctions: when, while, if, that, since, although, because, unless or who.

7. Note the constituents of the following dependent clauses. a subordinator + a subject + a verb + a complement 1- when the sun rose... 2- because water evaporates rapidly in warm climate … 3- whom the voters elected... 4- if the drought continues for another year...

8. 1- Globalization means more travel for businessmen and women 2 As business executives fly around the globe 3- While the instructor was delivering his lecture 4- If I see the president 5- Although the weather was fine 6- The students revise their lessons regularly Remember that an independent clause is a complete sentence by itself, but a dependent clause is not a complete sentence by itself. Say whether the following are examples are dependent Or independent clauses.

9. A- Rewrite the following pair of sentences as one sentence using a relative pronoun. 1- I borrowed a friend’s book. He wanted it back. 2- We are taking a train. It leaves at 5.30. 3- I met a girl. Her brother is in my class. B- Construct a question about the underline words. 1- There were a lot of people yelling and shouting in the street. 2- I usually leave work at six p.m. 3- No. He has never been to Egypt before.

10. C- Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the given word. 1- You went to Egypt for your holiday too, which is strange. (It) It is strange that you went to Egypt for your holiday too. 2- Your torch has not got any batteries in it. (There) There aren’t any batteries in your torch. D- Complete the following sentences with a correct tag question. 1- I’m a wise man, …………………aren’t I? 2- Be quite, …………………..will you/ won’t you? 3- You don’t speak French, ……………do you?

11. E- Join the following pair of sentences using the given linking word. 1- Maria is ill. She went to school. (Despite) Despite her illness, Maria went to school. 2- Ali didn’t read. He passed the his final exam. (Although) Although he didn’t read, Ali passed his final exam. 3- It was a lovely day. We went for a walk. (such) It was such a lovely day that we went for a walk. Good Luck