1. Clauses! A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb. Independent clause Subordinate clause  Can stand alone as a complete sentence.  I got rained on  Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.  Must be joined with independent clauses to be complete.  Also called dependent clauses  Because I forgot my umbrella  Because I forgot my umbrella, I got rained on.

2. Words used to begin subordinate clauses (subordinators) Relative PronounsSubordinating conjunctions  Who  Whom  Whose  Which  That  Whoever  Whomever  Relative pronouns sometimes serve as the subject of a dependent clause  People who are from Canada are called Canadians.  After  Although  As  Because  Before  How  Even  Though  If  In order  That  Once  Provided  Rather  Than  Since  So that  Unless  Until  When  Whenever  Where  Whereas  Wherever  Whether  While  Why  What

3.  The person who made the mess needs to clean it up.  who made the mess  the person needs to clean it up  Ruth began mowing the lawn while I weeded the flower beds.  while I weeded the flower beds  Ruth began mowing the lawn  She gave me everything that I needed to complete the project.  that I needed  she gave me everything to complete the project