1. SENTENCE OR FRAGMENT?

2. AVOIDING SENTENCE FRAGMENTS  Some groups of words, even though they have capital letters in the beginning and a period at the end, are not complete sentences. They are fragments.

3. FRAGMENT Fragment- a group of words that do not express a complete thought. A fragment is only part of a sentence In the early evening Felt happy and relaxed The sign in the corridor

4. FRAGMENT VS COMPLETE SENTENCE A complete sentence always has a subject and a verb. A fragment does not. A fragment can be a group of words with no subject a group of words that include a possible subject but no verb A group of words with a possible subject and only part of a possible verb It can be a subordinate clause standing alone

5. EXAMPLES OF FRAGMENTS In the early evening Is a prepositional phrase so both a subject and verb need to be added The flight arrived in the early evening.

6. Felt happy and relaxed What part of speech do we need to complete this sentence?

7. We have the verb but we need a subject. I felt happy and relaxed. The sign in the corridor What are we missing?

8. A verb is needed. The sign in the corridor is surprising. (verb and adjective) The train coming around the bend. What is missing?

9. In order to be complete we needed to add a helping verb The train was coming around the bend. When she first smiled. What is this fragment missing?

10. This fragment need a complete independent clause to go along with the subordinate clause. When she first smiled, the whole world seemed to light up.

11. Complete worksheet pg 105-106

12. Avoiding Phrase Fragments Pg 481-482

13. A PHRASE BY ITSELF IS A FRAGMENT A phrase should not be capitalized and punctuated as though it were a sentence Types of phrases: Preposition - begins with a preposition such as in, on, before, after, under, over, and to Participial Phrase- usually begins with an “ing” or “ed” Ex. – jumping over the puddle, stuffed full of turkey Infinitive Phrase- begins with a verb Ex. – to sleep, to jump. To stumble

14. INFINITIVE PHRASE/PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE The difference between a prepositional phrase and an infinitive phrase with to???? The prepositional phrase has an object but no verb. The infinitive phrase has a verb I want to fly. Infinitive; there is no object I want to fly to the moon. Is a prepositional phrase; there is an object

15. AVOIDING CLAUSE FRAGMENTS All clauses have subjects and verbs but some cannot stand alone as sentences Clause fragments can be corrected in either two ways: 1. attach the fragment to a nearby sentence 2. add whatever words are needed to make it a sentence

16. EXAMPLES The class enjoyed the poem. That I recited to them as part of my oral report. Added to nearby sentence The class enjoyed the poem that I recited to them as part of my oral report. I’ll play the game. If you play it too. Added to nearby sentence I’ll play the game if you play it too

17. Worksheet pg 107-108

18. AVOIDING RUN ON SENTENCES A fragment is an incomplete sentence. A run- on, on the other hand, is an over crowded sentence- one that has too much information. Run On- 2 or more complete sentences that are not properly joined or separated

19. 2 KIND OF RUN-ONS 1. two sentences run together with no punctuation between them Ex. I use our library often the reference section is my favorite part. 2. Two or more sentences separated only by a comma Ex. The Florida Keys are chain of small islands, they are located off the southern tip of Florida.

20. Complete worksheet pg 109-110

21. CORRECTING RUN-ONS -Usually occur because the writer is in a hurry and writing too fast -Check your sentences carefully to see where one sentence ends and the other begins. 1. Use an end mark to separate the sentences into two shorter sentences. Be sure to use the correct end mark.

22. RUN-ON SENTENCE In his search for a northeast passage to the Orient, Marco Polo finally reached northern China he made the name Cathay famous on his return to Italy. Correct the above statement

23. Answer- In his search for a northeast passage to the Orient, Marco Polo finally reached northern China. He made the name Cathay famous on his return to Italy.

24. Have you heard of James Cook, he sailed his ship the Endeavour to the East Indies in 1768. Correct the above sentence.

25. ANSWER Have you heard of James Cook? He sailed his ship the Endeavour to the East Indies in 1768.

26. 2. Form a compound sentences by using a comma and a coordinating conjunction to join 2 or more independent clauses My mother and father goes shopping on Saturdays, and I stay home and clean.

27. 3. Form a compound sentence by using a semicolon to join to closely related independent clauses The first train to the city leaves at 6:15A.M.; the express doesn’t leave until an hour later.

28. Complete worksheet pg 111-112

29. CORRECTING MISPLACED MODIFERS Modifier-A word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word groupwordphraseclauseadjectiveadverb When a modifier is placed too far away from the word it describes, it is called a displaced modifier. Because they are misplaced, such phrases and clauses modify the wrong word in a sentence.

30. Misplaced modifier Ex.- We rented a house in the mountains with a view. Corrected- In the mountains we rented a house with a view.

31. Misplaced Modifier- Sailing into the harbor, the Statue of liberty was awe inspiring. Sailing into the harbor should modify a person or a ship not the Statue of Liberty. It makes it seem as though the statue is doing the sailing. Sailing into the harbor, Elizabeth found the Statue of Liberty awe inspiring. Or Sailing into the harbor, our ship provided an awe inspiring view of the Statue of Liberty.

32. Complete Worksheet pg 113-114

33. CORRECTING SENTENCES WITH MISPLACED MODIFIERS The most common misplaced modifier is the prepositional phrase. Ships called dhows were sailed by ancient Arabs. Corrected- Ships called dhows, with triangular sails, were sailed by ancient Arabs.

34. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES ARE SOMETIMES USED AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE Flying over the mountains, an electrical storm endangered our safety. What is flying over the mountains? Corrected- Flying over the mountains, our airplane was endangered by an electrical storm.

35. A MISPLACED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE SHOULD ALSO BE MOVED CLOSER TO THE WORD IT MODIFIES I found the ring after several months of searching that my grandmother gave me. Correct- After several months of searching, I found the ring that my grandmother gave me. Complete worksheet pg 115-116

36. SPECIAL PROBLEMS Double Negatives- do not use two negative words in one sentence Mary didn’t invite nobody. I haven’t no time now. She never told us nothing about her party.

37. CORRECTING DOUBLE NEGATIVES 1. Mary didn’t invite anybody to the party. Or Mary invited no one to the party. 2. I haven’t any time now. Or I have no time now. 3. She never told us anything about her party. Or She told us nothing about her party.

38. Complete worksheet pg 117-118