1. History of Rocketry 1. The first rockets were invented by the Chinese when they invented gunpowder in 1200 A.D. to propel rockets. 2. Sir Isaac Newton stated the laws of gravity in the late 1600's. a. Force = Mass x Acceleration b. Action / Reaction = for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction c. Inertia = if no outside force acts on an object, it will continue to rest or move in a straight line at a constant speed 3. 1926 = year of the 1st successful liquid-fueled rocket

2. Rockets can go into space because they carry their own oxygen and fuel.

3. Types of Rockets 1. Single-staged : one engine; cannot go into space 2. Multi-staged : more than one engine 3. Clustering : grouping of rockets

4. Other Rocket Terms 1. Payload : a rocket's cargo 2. Thrust : the power of the engine; measured in pounds 3. Escape Velocity : speed needed to overcome the Earth's gravitational pull ( 25,000 mph or 7 miles per second) 4. Orbital Velocity : speed needed for a rocket to orbit a planet or moon (17,927 mph)

5. Other Spacecraft A. Artificial Satellite: any man-made object that orbits a larger object usually used to give us information

6. Types of Artificial Satellites a. Weather : used primarily to monitor weather and climate on Earth b. Communications : sent to space for the purpose of telecommunications c. Military : used for military purposes, often for gathering intelligence, as a communications satellite for the military, or as a weapon d. GPS : space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near Earth

7. Early Artificial Satellites a. 1st = Sputnik I; Russian, 1957 b. Sputnik II; November 1957; took first living animal into space ( Laika... a dog ) c. 1st US ----- Explorer I ; 1958

8. Space Probe : an un-crewed space craft that goes outside the Earth's orbit 1. 1st probes visited the inner planets 2. Probes can visit outer planets but can take up to 10 years to get there

9. Space Shuttle : a reusable spacecraft that takes off like a rocket and lands like a plane 1. 1st shuttle = Columbia on April 12, 1981 2. Tragedies a. Challenger 1986 b. Columbia 2003 click world for video

10. Space Station : a long-term orbiting platform where research can be performed and other vehicles can be launched 1. Skylab : 1st space station 2. International Space Station : US, Russia, and 14 other countries built it together

11. Astronauts A. How to Become an astronaut 1. College degree in one of the following areas: math, physical science, biological science, or engineering 2. Pilots = usually a former jet pilot and must have 1000 hours of flight time 3. Mission Specialists: scientists that perform experiments. Many have masters or doctorate degrees in math, science, medicine, or engineering 4. NASA looks for evidence that the candidate will work well with others. 5. Must be in good physical shape... a. 22/2o vision with lenses; pilots 20/50 vision without lenses, mission specialists 20/100 vision without lenses b. Height between 5'4" and 6'4"

12. First Astronauts or Cosmonauts 1. First Ever = Yuri Gagarian 2. First American = Alan Shepard Jr. 3. First Woman = Sally Ride 4. First American Woman = Sally Ride 5. First African-American = Guion Bluford