1. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 Objectives:  Identify the principal types of crime in the United States.  Explain the characteristics of the American criminal-justice system. Section 2: Crime

2. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2 Principal Types of Crime in the U.S.  Violent Crime – includes murder, robbery; most victims are African Americans  Robbery- larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.  Crime Against Property – includes burglary, larceny, vehicle theft; more common than violent crimes.  Burglary- the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony  Felony- a crime for which the punishment in federal law may be death or imprisonment for mote than one year.  Larceny- the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.  “Victimless Crime” – includes prostitution, gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victim Section 2: Crime

3. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 3 Principal Types of Crime in the U.S.  White Collar Crime – committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions; includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement  Organized Crime – the pursuit of crime as a big business Section 2: Crime (continued) Bernie Madoff

4. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 4 SECTION 2 Question: What are some characteristics of the American criminal-justice system? Crime

5. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 5 SECTION 2 Crime AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM Police 1.Have the most control over who is arrested for crimes. 2.The use of police discretion, has raised the controversial issue of racial profiling

6. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 6 SECTION 2 Crime AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM Courts 1.Determines the accused’s guilt or innocence in a court trial. 2.The court assigns a punishment. 3.90 percent of cases are actually settles through plea bargaining.

7. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Reasons for plea bargaining?  Avoid the cost of a trial  Save victim embarrassment  Help convict in a shaky case  Give and take  Save time in court 7

8. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 8 SECTION 2 Crime AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM Corrections 1.Includes probation, imprisonment, and parole, which serves four functions: Retribution- Revenge for the victims and for society. Deterrence- Discourage offenders and non offenders from committing future crimes. Rehabilitation- Serves to reform criminals so that they can return to society as law abiding citizens. Social protection- Limit the freedom of criminals so they cannot commit additional crimes.

9. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 9 SECTION 2 Crime AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM Juvenile-Justice System 1.Applies to offenders younger than 18. 2.Guarantees juvenile defendants the same legal rights and privileges as adults. 3.Often provides more services.

10. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 10 SECTION 2 Crime AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM Police have the most control over who is arrested for crimes; use police discretion, which has raised the controversial issue of racial profiling Courts determines the accused’s guilt or innocence in a court trial and then assigns a punishment; actually settles 90 percent of cases through plea bargaining Corrections includes probation, imprisonment, parole; serves four functions—retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection Juvenile-Justice System applies to offenders younger than 18; guarantees juvenile defendants the same legal rights and privileges as adults; often provides more services

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18. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 18 THE VIRGINIA COURT SYSTEM

19. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON MAGISTRATES & INTAKE OFFICERS  Most cases enter Virginia’s judicial system through magistrates who determine whether there is probable cause to believe an offense has been committed. In juvenile courts, most cases enter through intake officers who review complaints and determine whether there are enough facts to involve the court. 19

20. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1.What does a magistrate do?  The main job of the magistrate is to provide an independent, unbiased review of complaints brought to the office by police officers, sheriffs, deputies, and citizens and determine whether there is probable cause for a warrant or summons to be issued. “Probable cause” is a reasonable belief based on facts that would cause a reasonable person to feel that the accused committed the offense.  Magistrates can issue arrest warrants, summonses, bonds, search warrants, subpoenas, and civil warrants. Another important duty is to conduct bond hearings to set bail in instances in which an individual is charged with a criminal offense. 20

21. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON PRELIMINARY HEARINGS  General District Courts hold preliminary hearings in felony cases (that is, any charge that may be punishable by more than one year in jail). These hearings are held to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to justify holding the defendant for a grand jury hearing. The grand jury determines whether the accused will be indicted and held for trial in the Circuit Court. 21

22. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  General District Courts hear traffic cases, criminal cases involving minor offenses, and civil cases involving smaller monetary claims. 22

23. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON How do General District Courts operate?  There is a General District Court in every city and county in Virginia. A General District Court decides all criminal offenses involving ordinances, laws, and by-laws of the county or city in which it is located and all misdemeanors under state law. A misdemeanor is any charge which carries a penalty of no more than one year in jail or a fine of up to $2,500, or both. 23

24. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Traffic cases are also heard in General District Courts. In addition to any fine that the judge imposes, those convicted of certain traffic violations will have “points” assessed against their driver’s licenses by the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. Excessive points can result in a license being suspended or revoked. 24

25. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  As the name suggests, Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts have authority in matters related to juveniles and to domestic relations. The term “domestic relations” refers to family relationships. Child support, custody, and crimes committed by juveniles are heard here. The hearings are PRIVATE. 25

26. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON J & DR Courts in Virginia handle cases involving:  children in need of services or supervision;  children who have been subjected to abuse or neglect;  adults accused of child abuse or neglect, or of offenses against members of their own family or household members (juvenile or adult);  adults involved in disputes concerning the visitation, support, or custody of a child;  spousal support;  abandonment of children;  foster care and entrustment agreements;  court-ordered rehabilitation services; and  court consent for certain medical treatments.  juvenile delinquency and status offenses  juveniles accused of traffic violations; 26

27. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Juvenile delinquency can be separated into three categories:  Delinquency: crimes committed by minors that are dealt with by the juvenile courts and justice system;  Criminal behavior: crimes dealt with by the criminal justice system;  Status offenses: offenses which are only classified as such because one is a minor, such as truancy, also dealt with by the juvenile courts. 27

28. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Young men disproportionately commit juvenile delinquency.  Feminist theorists and others have examined why this is the case. One suggestion is that ideas of masculinity may make young men more likely to offend. Being tough, powerful, aggressive, daring, and competitive becomes a way for young men to assert and express their masculinity. Alternatively, young men may actually be naturally more aggressive, daring, and prone to risk-taking. 28

29. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Delinquents Murder in the First Grade Lil' Innocents 29

30. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON In 1641, the General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony passed the Stubborn Child Law, which stated that children who disobeyed their parents could be put to death.30 The text of the statute was drawn almost verbatim from the Book of Deuteronomy 21:18–21: 18 If someone has a stubborn and rebellious son who does not obey his father and mother and will not listen to them when they discipline him, 19 his father and mother shall take hold of him and bring him to the elders at the gate of his town. 20 They shall say to the elders, “This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. He will not obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard.” 21 Then all the men of his town are to stone him to death. You must purge the evil from among you. All Israel will hear of it and be afraid. 30

31. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Allen v. United States -- 1893 The U.S. Supreme Court ruling stating that a child younger than age 7 cannot be guilty of a felony or punished for a capital offense because he or she is presumed incapable of forming criminal intent. 31

32. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Status Offense.  An act considered illegal only for children, such as smoking. 32

33. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Circuit Courts hear criminal cases involving more serious offenses, called felonies, civil actions involving larger monetary claims, and appeals from District Courts.  People also call it “The High Court” 33

34. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  The Court of Appeals hears appeals of decisions of Circuit Courts and cases from certain state agencies.  The Supreme Court of Virginia reviews decisions of the Court of Appeals and lower courts and handles matters related to the operation of Virginia’s judicial system. 34

35. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON What is the Virginia School Safety Survey?  Each year, the Virginia Center for School and Campus Safety administers the web-based Virginia School Safety Survey to collect school safety audit information from all public schools, kindergarten through 12th grade. Principals are responsible for completing the surveys. The information collected allows VCSCS and state policy makers to describe school safety policies, practices, and conditions in Virginia’s public schools. 35

36. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 36 NRHS

37. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 37 KFHS

38. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 38 LHS

39. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 39 QUESTION 1 Where do statutory laws come from? A. Court decisions B. Constitution of Virginia C. Legislatures D. Federal agencies

40. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 40 QUESTION 2 In which Court are appeals from Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts heard? A. Virginia Court of Appeals B. Circuit Court C. General District Court D. Supreme Court of Virginia

41. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 41 Question 3 A felony is punishable by A.Local jail time not more than one year and possible fine. B.Death. C.A term of imprisonment in a state or federal prison for at least one year and possible fine. D.B or C above.

42. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 42 Question 4 What if someone doesn't know the law and commits a crime unintentionally? A. There is no probable cause. B. The person is still guilty of a crime. C. The case will go to a grand jury. D. The magistrate will determine the level of responsibility.

43. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 43 Question 5 At what age can a juvenile be tried as an adult in Virginia? A.18 years of age B.16 years of age C.14 years of age D.12 years of age

44. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 44 Question 6 If a Virginia driver under the age of 21 drives under the influence of drugs or alcohol, he or she A.Must attend a remedial driving school to continue to drive legally. B.Will have to drive with a parent or another adult in the car for 6 months following the incident. C.Must pay a fine of $200 and perform 20 hours of community service. D.Is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor and must pay at least $500 and perform 50 hours of community service, in addition to losing his/her license for a year.

45. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 45 Question 7 Crimes involving direct physical harm or force are A.misdemeanors B.crimes against persons C.felonies D.torts

46. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 46 Question 8 According to Virginia law, someone who buys alcohol for or gives alcohol to a person whom they know to be less than 21 years of age is guilty of A.A Class 3 misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not more than $500. B.Violating a local ordinance on underage drinking. C.A Class 1 misdemeanor, punishable by up to one year in jail and/or a $2,500 fine. D.A Class 4 misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not more than $250.