1. Cancer and Genetic Engineering

2. Cancer

3. Definition: Cells that divide uncontrollably and form masses of abnormal cells that invade normal tissue

4. Healthy Cell vs. Cancer Cell Healthy Cell CANNOT grow indefinitely UNABLE to invade tissues that are not their own Cancer Cell CAN grow indefinitely ABLE to invade tissues that are not their own

6. Colon Cancer

7. Oral Cancer

8. Liver Cancer

9. What Controls Healthy Cell Growth? CYCLINS

10. Cyclins Definition: regulate the timing of the cell cycle Two Types of Cyclins: 1) Internal Regulators 2) External Regulators

11. Internal Regulators Definition: Allows the cell to enter each stage of mitosis only after the prior stage has been completed properly Example: Cell would be unable to enter prophase if it did not duplicate its DNA in interphase

12. External Regulators Definition: Directs cells to speed up or slow down the cell's cycle Example: When you get a paper cut the cells are directed to seal the wound as quickly as possible. As the cut is sealing the rate of healing slows down.

13. Common Risk Factors for Cancer 1) Old age 2) Environmental conditions 3) Viruses and bacteria 4) Hormones 5) Family history 6) Poor diet/lack of physical activity

14. Cancer Categories 1) Carcinoma 2) Sarcoma 3) Leukemia 4) Lymphoma and Myeloma 5) Central Nervous System

15. Carcinoma Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs

16. Sarcoma Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue

17. Leukemia Cancer that starts in blood forming tissue

18. Lymphoma and Myeloma Cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system

19. Central Nervous System Cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord

20. Common Cancer Terminology Malignant Tumors are CANCEROUS, excessive growth of abnormal cells in one area Benign Tumors are NOT cancerous, excessive growth of normal cells in one area

21. Common Cancer Terminology Continued Metastasis spread of a tumor to a new part of the body via the bloodstream or lymph nodes

22. How Cancer is Named Named after the organ or type of cell the abnormal growth begins in Ex: Breast cancer that has metastasized to the liver is still called breast cancer

23. Stages of Cancer Stage 0 Cancer cells only present in the layer of cells in which it began Stage I, II, III The higher the number the more extensive the cancer is, the greater the tumor size, the more likely it has spread to near by lymph nodes or organs

24. Stages of Cancer Continued Stage IV Cancer spread to another organ

25. Common Cancer Treatments 1) Surgery 2) Radiotherapy 3) Chemotherapy

26. Surgery Removing malignant tumors

27. Radiotherapy Use of radiation (gamma rays) on cancerous areas Side Effects: Fatigue Diarrhea Dryness/redness to skin Vomiting Possible infertility Loss of appetite

28. Radiotherapy Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hv1Of2_d rRc

29. Chemotherapy Medications that target cancer cells trying to replicate during the S phase. Normal cells can be destroyed as well. Side Effects: Hair loss Possible infertility Skin rashes Nausea Diarrhea Fatigue Vomiting

30. Chemotherapy Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pon6dud PIkc

31. Genetic Engineering

32. Cloning Definition: Creation of an organism that is an EXACT genetic copy of another

33. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 1) A somatic cell is taken from a donor and is used as the source of genetic material for the cloned animal 2) An egg is taken from a female donor and the nucleus is removed

34. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 3) The somatic cell and egg cell without the nucleus are fused together by an electric shock

35. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 4) The fused cell is grown into an embryo and implanted into a female

36. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 5) A cloned animal is made (is identical to the donor of the somatic cell)