1. Southwest Asia

2. Answer on Front Bottom Right corner of SW Asia Pack What natural features create the border of Israel and Jordan? What natural features create the border of Israel and Jordan? Which country is the city of Tel Aviv located? Which country is the city of Tel Aviv located? The people of Israel are primarily this religion. The people of Israel are primarily this religion.

3. Landforms Divide the Region Southwest Asia is mostly desert Southwest Asia is mostly desert The land ranges from coastal plains to snow peak mountains The land ranges from coastal plains to snow peak mountains Forms a land bridge between Asia, Africa and Europe Forms a land bridge between Asia, Africa and Europe The region is situated on the edge of a huge tectonic plate The region is situated on the edge of a huge tectonic plate Part of the Arabian Peninsula is pulling away from the rest of Africa Part of the Arabian Peninsula is pulling away from the rest of Africa

4. KEY POINT #1: Scarcity of Water Resources creates major obstacles to economic development.

5. Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula Separated from Africa by Red Sea, on Separated from Africa by Red Sea, on Southwest and rest of Asia by the Persian Gulf Rea Sea is part of the Great Rift Valley Rea Sea is part of the Great Rift Valley Rub Al-Khali is largest sand desert in the world Rub Al-Khali is largest sand desert in the world Much of the Arabian Peninsula is covered by plains. Much of the Arabian Peninsula is covered by plains. People living on Arabian Peninsula adjusted by living nomadic lives in search of water People living on Arabian Peninsula adjusted by living nomadic lives in search of water

6. Anatolian Peninsula Anatolian Peninsula– occupied by Turkey, marks beginning of the Asian continent Anatolian Peninsula– occupied by Turkey, marks beginning of the Asian continent Much of Anatolia is a plateau, some areas for agriculture, some for livestock Much of Anatolia is a plateau, some areas for agriculture, some for livestock Both the Arabian and Anatolians Peninsula are on strategic waterways Both the Arabian and Anatolians Peninsula are on strategic waterways Red Sea-connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Suez Canal Red Sea-connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Suez Canal Bosporus Strait and Dardenelles Strait-connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea (important for trade with Russia) Bosporus Strait and Dardenelles Strait-connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea (important for trade with Russia) Strait of Hormuz-connects the Persian Gulf with the Indian Ocean. This is important because this allows access to the oil fields of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq Strait of Hormuz-connects the Persian Gulf with the Indian Ocean. This is important because this allows access to the oil fields of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq

7. Map of Straits Bosporus Straight Bosporus Straight Strait between Europe and Asia Strait between Europe and Asia KEY POINT#2: These bodies of water are important strategically because they are trade routes for the transportation of oil reserves located in the middle east!

10. Plains and Highlands Arabian Peninsula is a plain Arabian Peninsula is a plain Few activates occur here Few activates occur here Most of the land is barren (empty) with some low hills, ridges and wadis – riverbeds that remain dry except during rainy seasons Most of the land is barren (empty) with some low hills, ridges and wadis – riverbeds that remain dry except during rainy seasons Most of Iran is a plateau surrounded by mountains. Most of Iran is a plateau surrounded by mountains. It is isolated and very high. It is isolated and very high. The land is very arid. The land is very arid. The surrounding the plateau can produce some crops. The surrounding the plateau can produce some crops. Northern Plain of Afghanistan is a well-watered area that is surrounded by high mountains (which isolate it from other regions) Northern Plain of Afghanistan is a well-watered area that is surrounded by high mountains (which isolate it from other regions)

12. Mountains Rugged mountains divide the land Rugged mountains divide the land Hindu Kush mountains (isolate Afghanistan from Pakistan) Hindu Kush mountains (isolate Afghanistan from Pakistan) Mountains have a series of caves Mountains have a series of caves Zagros Mountains – Western Iran (isolate it from the rest of Southwest Asia) Zagros Mountains – Western Iran (isolate it from the rest of Southwest Asia) Elburz mountains-northern Iran (separates Caspian Sea from Iran) Elburz mountains-northern Iran (separates Caspian Sea from Iran) Taurus Mountains – separate Turkey from the rest of Asia Taurus Mountains – separate Turkey from the rest of Asia In spite of these barriers, people, ideas, goods still spread. In spite of these barriers, people, ideas, goods still spread. One of the ways they spread is water. One of the ways they spread is water.

14. Water Bodies Region is surrounded by bodies of water. Region is surrounded by bodies of water. Important for trade and access to other parts of the world Important for trade and access to other parts of the world The region is arid so few rivers flow the entire year The region is arid so few rivers flow the entire year Tigris and the Euphrates Tigris and the Euphrates Called the “Fertile Crescent” Called the “Fertile Crescent” Worlds first civilizations developed here Worlds first civilizations developed here Valleys are fertile, well- watered and good for agriculture Valleys are fertile, well- watered and good for agriculture Jordan River Jordan River Forms the boundary between Israel and Jordan Forms the boundary between Israel and Jordan Dead Sea – Dead Sea – Land locked salt lake. Land locked salt lake. Only bacteria can live there. Only bacteria can live there. Lowest place on earth. It is 1,349 feet below sea level Lowest place on earth. It is 1,349 feet below sea level

15. Fertile Crescent Fertile Crescent KEY POINT #3: Civilizations Develop in River Valleys because river valleys have fertile soil

18. Resources Oil (most important resource) Oil (most important resource) Found on the Arabian Peninsula, Iran and Iraq Found on the Arabian Peninsula, Iran and Iraq Also found along coast of Persian Gulf and in Persian Gulf itself Also found along coast of Persian Gulf and in Persian Gulf itself More than ½ of the world’s oil comes from the Middle East More than ½ of the world’s oil comes from the Middle East OPEC OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Regulate supply and prices of oil Regulate supply and prices of oil

19. Resources Water Water The most valuable resource in Southwest Asia The most valuable resource in Southwest Asia Turkey, Iran, Lebanon and Afghanistan water is plentiful Turkey, Iran, Lebanon and Afghanistan water is plentiful It is harnessed for hydroelectricity It is harnessed for hydroelectricity Elsewhere water is a scarce resource that must be constantly guarded and carefully used Elsewhere water is a scarce resource that must be constantly guarded and carefully used Other resources such as coal, copper, potash and phosphates Other resources such as coal, copper, potash and phosphates

20. Arid Lands Southwest Asia is extremely arid (dry) Southwest Asia is extremely arid (dry) Receive less than 18 inches of precipitation a year Receive less than 18 inches of precipitation a year Most of the land is covered in sand dunes and salt flats. Most of the land is covered in sand dunes and salt flats. Rivers do not flow year-around Rivers do not flow year-around Vegetation and animals living in the desert can survive on little water and in extreme temperatures. Vegetation and animals living in the desert can survive on little water and in extreme temperatures. Irrigation is important Irrigation is important KEY POINT #4: Irrigation is vital to Agriculture in desert regions.

21. Other types of Climate Mediterranean climate Mediterranean climate Land is green and lush Land is green and lush Highland climates Highland climates Areas in the mountains of Southwest Asia have a cool climate Areas in the mountains of Southwest Asia have a cool climate

22. Deserts Limit Movement Rub al-Khali (empty quarter) Rub al-Khali (empty quarter) Largest Sand desert in the world Largest Sand desert in the world Called “place where no one comes out,” is a vast Called “place where no one comes out,” is a vastdesert Size of Texas. Size of Texas. The temperature can exceed 150° degrees The temperature can exceed 150° degrees Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Sand dunes up to 800 feet high Sand dunes up to 800 feet high An–Nafud desert An–Nafud desert Has several oasis Has several oasis Has severe sandstorms and brutal heat Has severe sandstorms and brutal heat Syrian desert Syrian desert separate coastal regions of Lebanon, Israel, and separate coastal regions of Lebanon, Israel, and Syria from Tigris and Euphrates valleys Negev desert Negev desert occupies Israel, produces crops through irrigation occupies Israel, produces crops through irrigation

23. Rub al-Khali

24. Salt Deserts Lands in the rain shadow of a mountain range are usually arid Lands in the rain shadow of a mountain range are usually arid In Iran, mountains block rain and dry winds increase evaporation. So when winds evaporate the moisture in the soil, chemical salts remain creating salt flat In Iran, mountains block rain and dry winds increase evaporation. So when winds evaporate the moisture in the soil, chemical salts remain creating salt flat Past-e Kavir – central Iran Past-e Kavir – central Iran Past- e Luf –eastern Iran Past- e Luf –eastern Iran

25. Semiarid Lands On the edge of the desert are semi-arid (partly dry) lands On the edge of the desert are semi-arid (partly dry) lands Warm to hot summers with enough rain for shrubs and grasses Warm to hot summers with enough rain for shrubs and grasses Cotton and wheat can be grown here Cotton and wheat can be grown here Good pasture for animals Good pasture for animals In Turkey they herd mohair goats In Turkey they herd mohair goats

26. Well-watered coast lands Along the Mediterranean and across most of Turkey, hot summers and rainy winters create good climate for fruits, olives and vegetables Along the Mediterranean and across most of Turkey, hot summers and rainy winters create good climate for fruits, olives and vegetables Farmers can grow crops year round Farmers can grow crops year round Tigris and Euphrates flood yearly Tigris and Euphrates flood yearly Site of intensive farming Site of intensive farming Turkey and Iraq have created dams along rivers to provide irrigation all year. Turkey and Iraq have created dams along rivers to provide irrigation all year.

27. Providing Precious Water Critical resource is water Critical resource is water Fresh water is available only in small amounts and not consistently Fresh water is available only in small amounts and not consistently To meet the needs of large farms and from growing population, countries must construct dams and irrigation systems (page 496) To meet the needs of large farms and from growing population, countries must construct dams and irrigation systems (page 496)

28. 1. Drip irrigation places water just at the root zone, reducing evaporation of precious water. This system is located in the Negev Desert in Israel. 2. A bag of water is collected by using this pump. It is a part of a qanat—a system of underground brick-lined tunnels and wells that collect runoff water from the mountains. 3. This irrigation canal in Oman has delivered water for over a thousand years. The canals are carefully maintained to provide water for agriculture. 4. A noria—or waterwheel run by the flow of water or by animal power—is used to lift water from the river to the fields. These two are located in Syria on the Orontes River.

29. Dams and Irrigation systems Ancient practices for providing water work well for small fields but are not efficient for large-scale farming Ancient practices for providing water work well for small fields but are not efficient for large-scale farming Dams and Irrigation systems must be constructed Dams and Irrigation systems must be constructed Examples: Examples: Turkey Turkey is building a series of dams and a man-made lake using water from the Euphrates River is building a series of dams and a man-made lake using water from the Euphrates River Countries downstream are mad because they will lose the use of water Countries downstream are mad because they will lose the use of water Some countries even threaten war. Some countries even threaten war. Israel Israel National Water Carrier Project in Israel carries water from the north to the south. It is used for drinking and irrigation. National Water Carrier Project in Israel carries water from the north to the south. It is used for drinking and irrigation. Is a source of international conflict because water sources flow through many countries Is a source of international conflict because water sources flow through many countries

30. Turkish Irrigation Projects Who is now mad at Turkey? Who is now mad at Turkey? IRAQ IRAQ KEY POINT # 5: Countries such as Iraq, downstream of Turkey’s damn projects, have become angry with Turkey due to the restriction of water flow of the Euphrates River

31. Modern Water Technology Drip irrigation – using small pipes that slowly drip water just above ground to conserve water Drip irrigation – using small pipes that slowly drip water just above ground to conserve water Desalinization-removing salt from water using sophisticated treatments Desalinization-removing salt from water using sophisticated treatments Not used for farming/used for waste water Not used for farming/used for waste water Waste water is treated Waste water is treated Expensive Expensive Fossil water – water from aquifers. But only 25-30 years of that supply remains. Fossil water – water from aquifers. But only 25-30 years of that supply remains. KEY POINT #6: Desalinization is a modification to the Environment

32. Oil from the Sand Fields discovered in Southwest Asia contain about ½ of all petroleum reserves in the world. Fields discovered in Southwest Asia contain about ½ of all petroleum reserves in the world. Petroleum is the source of gasoline for cars, heating oil, and used to make fertilizers and plastics. Petroleum is the source of gasoline for cars, heating oil, and used to make fertilizers and plastics. Southwest Asia is a very important region economically. Southwest Asia is a very important region economically.

33. Forming Petroleum Dead plant and animal remains mingled with sand and mud on the bottom of the sea over time, pressure and heat transformed the material into hydrocarbons, which form the chemical basis of oil and natural gas Dead plant and animal remains mingled with sand and mud on the bottom of the sea over time, pressure and heat transformed the material into hydrocarbons, which form the chemical basis of oil and natural gas Oil and gas are trapped in rock Oil and gas are trapped in rock Engineers use sophisticated equipment to extract, or remove oil Engineers use sophisticated equipment to extract, or remove oil

34. Early Exploration Industrialization and the invention of the automobile made petroleum a highly desired resource. Industrialization and the invention of the automobile made petroleum a highly desired resource. First oil discovered in Southwest Asia was in 1908 in Iran First oil discovered in Southwest Asia was in 1908 in Iran In 1938, oil companies found more oil fields in the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf In 1938, oil companies found more oil fields in the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf In 1948, oil companies discovered portions of what would become one of world’s largest oil fields at al-Ghawar. The field contains more than ¼ of Saudi Arabia’s reserves of oil In 1948, oil companies discovered portions of what would become one of world’s largest oil fields at al-Ghawar. The field contains more than ¼ of Saudi Arabia’s reserves of oil

35. Transporting Oil Crude oil- petroleum that has not been processed Crude oil- petroleum that has not been processed Refinery – converts the crude oil into useful products Refinery – converts the crude oil into useful products Pipelines transport the crude oil either to refineries or to ports where oil is picked up by tankers and moved to other places for processing (see diagram on page 498) Pipelines transport the crude oil either to refineries or to ports where oil is picked up by tankers and moved to other places for processing (see diagram on page 498)

36. Risks of Transporting Oil Oil spills Oil spills Largest oil spill was in 1991 Largest oil spill was in 1991 240 million gallons spilled into the Persian Gulf during Gulf War 240 million gallons spilled into the Persian Gulf during Gulf War Pipes are monitored for drops in pressure to check for leaks Pipes are monitored for drops in pressure to check for leaks Ocean-going tankers are at a much higher risk for causing pollution. Ocean-going tankers are at a much higher risk for causing pollution. Collisions or running aground Collisions or running aground

37. Answer on back of pack WRITE DOWN THE QUESTIONS 1) In which column would you look to find how educated a countries society is? 2) Based on the chart above, which Middle Eastern country has the worst education system?

38. GDP Per Capita Which two countries would we consider to be the most highly developed? Which two countries would we consider to be the most highly developed?

39. Life Expectancy Which two countries would you expect to have the best hospitals? Which two countries would you expect to have the best hospitals?

40. Literacy Rates Which country has the worst educational system? Which country has the worst educational system?

41. Generalization What can you generalize about the population of the Middle East based on these graphs? What can you generalize about the population of the Middle East based on these graphs? (YOUNG AND POOR) (YOUNG AND POOR) Average Age Below 30 Average Age Below 30 Average Income below $20,000 Average Income below $20,000

42. Arabian Peninsula Major intersection Major intersection of three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa Important region Important region for cultural convergence

43. Islam Change Desert Cultures Town Changes Desert Culture Town Changes Desert Culture In the past towns served as trade centers for caravans moving across the desert In the past towns served as trade centers for caravans moving across the desert

44. Islam Change Desert Cultures Other cities were ports where goods were exchanged between Europe and East Asia (China and India) Other cities were ports where goods were exchanged between Europe and East Asia (China and India) Nomadic desert dwellers called Bedouins moved across the peninsula from oasis to oasis Nomadic desert dwellers called Bedouins moved across the peninsula from oasis to oasis Adapted to harsh conditions of the desert Adapted to harsh conditions of the desert Built strong family ties Built strong family ties Fought against other families and clans for pasture lands for livestock Fought against other families and clans for pasture lands for livestock

45. Islam By the early 600s, trade became an important activity in the Arabian peninsula. Merchants from the north brought spices and other goods. They also brought new ideas. At this time, some Arab people believed in many gods. Religious pilgrims came to Mecca to worship at an ancient shrine called the Ka’aba

46. Who is Muhammad? Around the year 570, Muhammad was born into this Arab society. At around age 40, he took religion as his life’s mission and became a prophet (someone who speaks the word of god). According to Muslim belief, the angel Gabriel visited Muhammad and told him to speak the word of God to his people. Around the year 570, Muhammad was born into this Arab society. At around age 40, he took religion as his life’s mission and became a prophet (someone who speaks the word of god). According to Muslim belief, the angel Gabriel visited Muhammad and told him to speak the word of God to his people.

47. Who is Muhammad? Muhammad began to teach that there was only one god-Allah Muhammad began to teach that there was only one god-Allah It is a monotheistic religion. It is a monotheistic religion. The religion was based on the teachings of Muhammad The religion was based on the teachings of Muhammad It is called Islam. It is called Islam. Its followers are called Muslims. Its followers are called Muslims.

48. Who is Muhammad? Gradually, Muhammad and his followers gained power. Many of the people of Mecca adopted Islam. They began to worship Allah as the only god. Gradually, Muhammad and his followers gained power. Many of the people of Mecca adopted Islam. They began to worship Allah as the only god. When Muhammad died in 632, much of the Arabian peninsula was already united under Islam. When Muhammad died in 632, much of the Arabian peninsula was already united under Islam.

49. What do Muslims believe and practice? Muslims have five duties to perform. The duties show a person’s acceptance of the will of Allah: Muslims have five duties to perform. The duties show a person’s acceptance of the will of Allah: Faith Faith A Muslim must state the belief that, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” A Muslim must state the belief that, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” Prayer Prayer A Muslim must pray to Allah, facing Mecca, five times every day. This may be done at a mosque, and Islamic house of worship. A Muslim must pray to Allah, facing Mecca, five times every day. This may be done at a mosque, and Islamic house of worship. Charity Charity A Muslim must give alms, or money for the poor, through a tax. A Muslim must give alms, or money for the poor, through a tax. Fasting Fasting A Muslim must fast during the holy month of Ramadan. Muslims eat only one meal a day, after sunset, every day during this month. A Muslim must fast during the holy month of Ramadan. Muslims eat only one meal a day, after sunset, every day during this month. Pilgrimage Pilgrimage A Muslim should perform the hajj-a trip to the holy city of Mecca- at least once in his or her life. A Muslim should perform the hajj-a trip to the holy city of Mecca- at least once in his or her life.

50. What do Muslims believe and practice? The central ideas of Islam are found in the Qur’an. Muslims believe this book states the will of Allah as revealed to Muhammad. The central ideas of Islam are found in the Qur’an. Muslims believe this book states the will of Allah as revealed to Muhammad. Muslims believe that Allah is the same God that Jews and Christians worship. To Muslims, the Qur’an perfects the earlier teachings of God found in the Jewish Torah and the Christian Bible. Muslims believe that Allah is the same God that Jews and Christians worship. To Muslims, the Qur’an perfects the earlier teachings of God found in the Jewish Torah and the Christian Bible.

51. How did other leaders spread Islam? Muslims conquered areas in East and North Africa, Southwest Asia, and parts of Eastern Europe Muslims conquered areas in East and North Africa, Southwest Asia, and parts of Eastern Europe Many of the people conquered by the Muslims adopted Islam and Arabic (the language of Arabia). Many of the people conquered by the Muslims adopted Islam and Arabic (the language of Arabia).

52. Governments change hands Governments controlled by Muslims were theocratic (theocracy). Governments controlled by Muslims were theocratic (theocracy). Religious leaders controlled government Religious leaders controlled government Rulers relied on religious law and consulted with religious scholars on running country Rulers relied on religious law and consulted with religious scholars on running country Ex. Iran Ex. Iran KEY POINT #7: Iran has a Theocratic form of Government

53. Colonial Powers take control By end of 1600’s, the leaders of Muslims nations were weak. By end of 1600’s, the leaders of Muslims nations were weak. England and France were establishing empires throughout the world England and France were establishing empires throughout the world Middle East fell to France and Britain after WWII Middle East fell to France and Britain after WWII Wanted to control Suez Canal and oil. Wanted to control Suez Canal and oil.

54. Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Saud In the early 1920s a leader named Abdul al Aziz Ibn Saud came to power and united the Arabian In the early 1920s a leader named Abdul al Aziz Ibn Saud came to power and united the Arabian Peninsula. This area became known as Saudi Arabia. Today the country is a Today the country is a monarchy ruled by the Saud family.

55. Oil dominates economy Region grew in global importance as oil became more important to the economies of all nations. Region grew in global importance as oil became more important to the economies of all nations. Profits from oil production allowed them to funnel money into other parts of their economy like water development Profits from oil production allowed them to funnel money into other parts of their economy like water development Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – The purpose is to control oil prices and production The purpose is to control oil prices and production Includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Iraq Includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Iraq KEY POINT #8: The purpose of OPEC is to economically control world wide oil prices

56. Modern Arabic Life Changes during the 20 th century were dramatic. Changes during the 20 th century were dramatic. The region is now using western technology. (westernization/modernizing) The region is now using western technology. (westernization/modernizing) Camels replaced by automobile Camels replaced by automobile Markets called bazaars or souks replaced by malls/supermarket Markets called bazaars or souks replaced by malls/supermarket

57. The change to Urban Life Because of oil the middle east has urbanized. Because of oil the middle east has urbanized. There has been a shift from a nomadic life to an urban life. There has been a shift from a nomadic life to an urban life. 1968- region was 25% urban 1968- region was 25% urban 1990 – 58% urban 1990 – 58% urban Saudi Arabia has 83% of population in cities Saudi Arabia has 83% of population in cities Riyadh has a population of 4 million Riyadh has a population of 4 million Oil has also caused a shift to more technical jobs. Oil has also caused a shift to more technical jobs. Arabic nations have scrambled to upgrade education to meet the needs of the technological age. Arabic nations have scrambled to upgrade education to meet the needs of the technological age. They could not meet these needs They could not meet these needs Foreign workers were brought in to fill these jobs Foreign workers were brought in to fill these jobs Qatar has one 1 in 5 workers who is native. Qatar has one 1 in 5 workers who is native.

58. Religious duties shape lives Women cover their heads, hair and faces Women cover their heads, hair and faces More Arabic women are becoming educated. More Arabic women are becoming educated. Family is viewed as important and many women stay at home to manage household affairs Family is viewed as important and many women stay at home to manage household affairs Muslims stop activities and pray at dawn, noon, mid- afternoon, sunset and before bed, sometimes, traffic stops during prayer times Muslims stop activities and pray at dawn, noon, mid- afternoon, sunset and before bed, sometimes, traffic stops during prayer times On Fridays, Muslims gather for congregational prayer at mosques On Fridays, Muslims gather for congregational prayer at mosques Ramadan- fasting- do not eat or drink during day light hours Ramadan- fasting- do not eat or drink during day light hours

59. KEY POINT #9: Women typically cover their heads in Islamic countries and cities of Middle East except in Israel (Jewish Country)

60. Religious Customs Tel Aviv, Israel Israeli World Israeli World Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Islamic World Islamic World

62. Answer on Back 1) How much money does Israel spend on their military each year?...and Palestine? 1) How much money does Israel spend on their military each year?...and Palestine? 2) How many more troops does Israel have than Palestine? 2) How many more troops does Israel have than Palestine? 120,500 120,500 3) Which countries citizens have more access to online resources and what is the percentage? 3) Which countries citizens have more access to online resources and what is the percentage? 4) If you had to pick a side in a conflict, who do you think would have a better chance of winning? 4) If you had to pick a side in a conflict, who do you think would have a better chance of winning?

63. How does the US Compare?

64. The Eastern Mediterranean

65. Religious Holy Places All three major monotheistic religious claim Jerusalem as a holy city: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam All three major monotheistic religious claim Jerusalem as a holy city: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

66. The Origins of Judaism A group of people who originated Mesopotamia called the Hebrews made claim to a piece of land now called Palestine (Israel). They believed the land had been promised to them by god. A group of people who originated Mesopotamia called the Hebrews made claim to a piece of land now called Palestine (Israel). They believed the land had been promised to them by god. Their leader was Abraham Their leader was Abraham God told Abraham to move to Palestine God told Abraham to move to Palestine Crop failure forced them to move to Egypt where they became slaves Crop failure forced them to move to Egypt where they became slaves Were led out of Egypt by Moses (known as the Exodus) Were led out of Egypt by Moses (known as the Exodus) Wandered the desert for 40 years Wandered the desert for 40 years Moses was given the Ten Commandments (laws that Hebrews were suppose to follow) Moses was given the Ten Commandments (laws that Hebrews were suppose to follow) Moses parted the Rea Sea so Hebrews could escape Egypt Moses parted the Rea Sea so Hebrews could escape Egypt

67. The Origins of Judaism The Hebrews was the world’s first monotheistic religion The Hebrews was the world’s first monotheistic religion Known a Jews Known a Jews Holy book called the Torah Holy book called the Torah God is called Yahweh God is called Yahweh Religious house of worship is called a temple Religious house of worship is called a temple Modern Jews come to pray at the holiest site in Jerusalem, a portion of the Second Temple known as the Western Wall. Most of the temple was destroyed by the Romans. Modern Jews come to pray at the holiest site in Jerusalem, a portion of the Second Temple known as the Western Wall. Most of the temple was destroyed by the Romans. KEY POINT #10: Judaism is the first monotheistic faith and establishes the teachings of the Ten Commandments

68. The Origins of Christianity Christianity was formed during the Roman rule. Christianity was formed during the Roman rule. It is based on the teachings of the Apostles (Jesus' followers) It is based on the teachings of the Apostles (Jesus' followers) Jesus is considered the savior Jesus is considered the savior Holy book is called the Bible Holy book is called the Bible House of worship is called a church House of worship is called a church

69. The Origins of Christianity Many Christians were persecuted for their religious beliefs (thrown to lions and tigers by the Romans) Many Christians were persecuted for their religious beliefs (thrown to lions and tigers by the Romans) Towards the end of the Roman empire period Christianity became the official religion Towards the end of the Roman empire period Christianity became the official religion Spread throughout Europe during the Middles Ages Spread throughout Europe during the Middles Ages During the Reformation spilt into a Protestants and Catholics During the Reformation spilt into a Protestants and Catholics Catholics tried to regain lands from the Muslims. Called the Crusades Catholics tried to regain lands from the Muslims. Called the Crusades For Christians, Jerusalem is the sacred location of the final suffering and crucifixion of Jesus. For Christians, Jerusalem is the sacred location of the final suffering and crucifixion of Jesus. Church of Holy Sepulchre is a holy site for Christians in Jerusalem Church of Holy Sepulchre is a holy site for Christians in Jerusalem

70. Religions: Quick Check What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common? What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common? A) Ethical Code of Conduct A) Ethical Code of Conduct B) Bar Mitzvahs B) Bar Mitzvahs C) Monotheism C) Monotheism D) None of the Above D) None of the Above E) Both A and C E) Both A and C KEY POINT# 11: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity all share beliefs in monotheism and providing an ethical code of conduct for its members.

71. Islamic Sacred Sites Jerusalem is considered a holy city for Muslims Jerusalem is considered a holy city for Muslims Dome of the Rock is a shire where Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven Dome of the Rock is a shire where Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven Jews believe it is site where Abraham prepared sacrifice of son of Isaac Jews believe it is site where Abraham prepared sacrifice of son of Isaac Dome of Dome of the Rock is close to Western the Rock is close to WesternWall Site of conflict between Site of conflict between Muslims and Jews KEY POINT #12: Religions differences in the Middle East have led to serious conflicts.

72. A History of Unrest Nations on the Eastern Mediterranean have been plagued with a history of political tension and unrest Nations on the Eastern Mediterranean have been plagued with a history of political tension and unrest Ottoman empire (Muslim based government) ruled these lands from 900-1922 Ottoman empire (Muslim based government) ruled these lands from 900-1922 Ottoman empire sided with Germany during the war Ottoman empire sided with Germany during the war After World War I Britain and France received the lands as part of the war settlement After World War I Britain and France received the lands as part of the war settlement KEY POINT #13: Long lasting peace in the Middle East has been extremely difficult to achieve.

73. The Legacy of Colonialism France controlled Lebanon and Syria France controlled Lebanon and Syria Britain controlled Jordan and Israel Britain controlled Jordan and Israel Supposed to occupy until they were ready for independence Supposed to occupy until they were ready for independence Syrians rebelled in 1920s and 1930s against France Syrians rebelled in 1920s and 1930s against France Lebanon became independent in 1943 Lebanon became independent in 1943 Syria became independent in 1946 Syria became independent in 1946

74. British Control Palestine Zionism was a movement in 19 th century. Zionism was a movement in 19 th century. Its goal was create and support a Jewish homeland in Palestine Its goal was create and support a Jewish homeland in Palestine Jews started buying land and moving Jews started buying land and moving At first Arabs and Jews cooperated At first Arabs and Jews cooperated But as more Jews poured into Palestine, Arabs resisted the establishment of the Jewish state But as more Jews poured into Palestine, Arabs resisted the establishment of the Jewish state

75. Creating the State of Israel After World War II Holocaust survivors wanted to settle in Palestine After World War II Holocaust survivors wanted to settle in Palestine World opinion supported the establishment of a Jewish nation-state World opinion supported the establishment of a Jewish nation-state In 1947, The United Nations divided Palestine into two states – one for Arabs, one for Jews In 1947, The United Nations divided Palestine into two states – one for Arabs, one for Jews Immediately, Arab Immediately, Arab nations Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen invaded to prevent its establishment The 1948 war was the The 1948 war was the beginning of hostilities that continue today. Jews fought back and Jews fought back and was a firmly established nation by 1950s

76. Creating the State of Israel The land for Palestinians is on the west bank of the Jordan River and Garza Strip The land for Palestinians is on the west bank of the Jordan River and Garza Strip In 1960s, the Palestine Liberation Movement (PLO) was formed to regain Palestine In 1960s, the Palestine Liberation Movement (PLO) was formed to regain Palestine Led by Yesser Arafat Led by Yesser Arafat Used military means to regain their lands from Israel Used military means to regain their lands from Israel KEY POINT #14: Palestinian Effort to create a homeland is a major cause of terrorism in the Middle East.

77. Jordan River KEY POINT #15: The Jordan River is a source of conflict in the regions because it has caused Israel and Jordan to compete for control of water resources

78. Modernizing Economies These nations face many economic problems These nations face many economic problems Political division, refugees, lack of water, weak infrastructure Political division, refugees, lack of water, weak infrastructure Refugees and Civil Wars Refugees and Civil Wars Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees 3.6 million scattered across nation 3.6 million scattered across nation Many are unemployed and lack food or shelter Many are unemployed and lack food or shelter Providing education is difficult Providing education is difficult Civil wars in Lebanon and Cyprus caused economic problems Civil wars in Lebanon and Cyprus caused economic problems

79. Modern Infrastructure Potential for development Potential for development Good climate for producing citrus crops Good climate for producing citrus crops Tourism Tourism Located where three continents meet Located where three continents meet Lack of infrastructure for economic development Lack of infrastructure for economic development Roads, railroads, communication systems, power station have been destroyed by wars Roads, railroads, communication systems, power station have been destroyed by wars

80. Activity Read Page 22 in your packet “Oil Production” then answer the questions on page 23. Read Page 22 in your packet “Oil Production” then answer the questions on page 23. When finished, put your pack back on the table. When finished, put your pack back on the table. Then grab the article, “Gender Equality Around the World” Read the article and answer the questions that follow. Then grab the article, “Gender Equality Around the World” Read the article and answer the questions that follow.

81. Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan March 16, 1988, the Iraq Air Force released Mustard gas on Kurdish town of Halabja, Iraq March 16, 1988, the Iraq Air Force released Mustard gas on Kurdish town of Halabja, Iraq 5000 Kurd died 5000 Kurd died and 10,000 were injured Some still suffer Some still suffer from serious diseases, including cancer and birth defects Kurds have occupied Kurds have occupied these for thousands of years. Kurds are in disagreement with Turkey, Iraq, and Iran over this land. Kurds are in disagreement with Turkey, Iraq, and Iran over this land. KEY POINT #16: Turkey has the Largest Kurdish Population

82. A blend of Cultures Early civilizations Early civilizations Several of the ancient world’s great civilizations were based in this region. Several of the ancient world’s great civilizations were based in this region. The Fertile Crescent is an area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers The Fertile Crescent is an area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers called the Mesopotamia. Rivers flood annually Rivers flood annually and provide this region with fertile soil. Iraq-Babaylon Iraq-Babaylon Iran-Persia Iran-Persia

83. Ethnic and Religious Variety Religion Religion Islam is the main religion Islam is the main religion Islam has two branches Islam has two branches Sunni (83%) Sunni (83%) Mostly live in Turkey, Iraq, and Afghanistan Mostly live in Turkey, Iraq, and Afghanistan Shi”ite (17%) Shi”ite (17%) Mostly live in Iran Mostly live in Iran Ethnic groups Ethnic groups Turks (Turkey) Turks (Turkey) Kurds (Turkey, Iraq, Syria) Kurds (Turkey, Iraq, Syria) Persians (Iran) Persians (Iran) Assyrians (Syria) Assyrians (Syria) Some tensions exist between the different ethnic groups Some tensions exist between the different ethnic groups Language Language Turkish (Turkey) Turkish (Turkey) Farsi (Iran) Farsi (Iran) Arabic (Iraq and rest of Middle East) Arabic (Iraq and rest of Middle East) KEY POINT #17: The Kurds as well as the Arab Palestinians both struggle to politically create self- rule of their homelands.

84. Clashes Over Land Clashes over land has been caused by: Clashes over land has been caused by: Ethnic groups and control of oil fields Ethnic groups and control of oil fields Homeland and Refugees Homeland and Refugees Kurds have been called a stateless nation. Kurds have been called a stateless nation. Kurds have fought with the government of Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. Kurds have fought with the government of Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. Iran has the world’s largest refugee population Iran has the world’s largest refugee population Shi’ites from Iraq Shi’ites from Iraq Afghans have moved to Iran to escape civil war Afghans have moved to Iran to escape civil war Control of Oil Fields Control of Oil Fields British and Russians clashed over control of Iran because of rich oil fields in the early 1900s British and Russians clashed over control of Iran because of rich oil fields in the early 1900s Iran and Iraq fought in a ten year war between 1980-1990 Iran and Iraq fought in a ten year war between 1980-1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 United States fought Iraq from 1990-1991. Called the Persian Gulf War United States fought Iraq from 1990-1991. Called the Persian Gulf War KEY POINT #18: The Persian Gulf is extremely important to industrialized nations due to the economic strength of the oil producing nations in the region.

87. Reforming Economies Middle Eastern nations are using their oil or natural gas resources to update and expand transportation systems, communication systems, power generation plants, and water and sanitation system. Middle Eastern nations are using their oil or natural gas resources to update and expand transportation systems, communication systems, power generation plants, and water and sanitation system.

88. Making Progress Turkey Turkey Ideally located for trade Ideally located for trade Making progress by developing water resources and hydroelectric plants to supply energy and to boost production of cotton and other agricultural products. Making progress by developing water resources and hydroelectric plants to supply energy and to boost production of cotton and other agricultural products. Iran Iran Current government is supporting growth Current government is supporting growth Oil money used to diversify the economy Oil money used to diversify the economy Still recovering from war with Iraq Still recovering from war with Iraq Iran is being punished by the United Nations for its pursuit of Nuclear Weapons Iran is being punished by the United Nations for its pursuit of Nuclear Weapons

89. Making Progress Iraq and Afghanistan Iraq and Afghanistan Political problems and wars have prevented these countries from improving their economies Political problems and wars have prevented these countries from improving their economies After First Persian War the United Nations has placed Iraq under economic sanctions. Iraqi people have lacked basic goods for survival. After First Persian War the United Nations has placed Iraq under economic sanctions. Iraqi people have lacked basic goods for survival. United States invaded Iraq in 2003 and ousted Saddam Hussein United States invaded Iraq in 2003 and ousted Saddam Hussein Afghanistan is one of the poorest nations on earth. A massive civil war has interrupted progress in Afghanistan Afghanistan is one of the poorest nations on earth. A massive civil war has interrupted progress in Afghanistan United States is fighting a war on terror in Afghanistan United States is fighting a war on terror in Afghanistan Ousted the Taliban Ousted the Taliban KEY POINT #19: The Taliban was in control of Afghanistan before the US invaded. The Taliban denied civil rights to many people in Afghanistan Primarily Women.

90. Today’s Issues in Southwest Asia Page 15-16

91. Population Relocation Life in Southwest Asia in 1900 seemed only slightly different than in 1100 Life in Southwest Asia in 1900 seemed only slightly different than in 1100 Some people lived in villages or cities while others moved livestock from one source to another Some people lived in villages or cities while others moved livestock from one source to another Then geologists discovered petroleum and natural gas Then geologists discovered petroleum and natural gas Western companies quickly leased land and pumped fuel form the ground Western companies quickly leased land and pumped fuel form the ground Oil Boom set stage for rapid urbanization Oil Boom set stage for rapid urbanization

92. Foreign Workers To fill job openings companies recruited people as “guest workers” To fill job openings companies recruited people as “guest workers” These were largely unskilled laborers who filled economically or culturally unacceptable jobs These were largely unskilled laborers who filled economically or culturally unacceptable jobs In 1999, 90% of United Arab Emirates work force was made up of immigrants In 1999, 90% of United Arab Emirates work force was made up of immigrants

93. Problems of guest workers Cultural difference between workers and their employers cause problems Cultural difference between workers and their employers cause problems Misunderstanding customs can cause severe penalties Misunderstanding customs can cause severe penalties Sometimes the workers must live in special districts apart from Arab population Sometimes the workers must live in special districts apart from Arab population Some workers have been abandoned with no wages or money to get back home Some workers have been abandoned with no wages or money to get back home May prevent nation’s own workers from developing skills May prevent nation’s own workers from developing skills Some worry about intolerance and even violence that these workers face Some worry about intolerance and even violence that these workers face Could weaken nation’s sense of national identity Could weaken nation’s sense of national identity

94. Political Refugees Face Challenges Kurds Kurds Live in a stateless nation (a nation of people without a land to legally occupy) Live in a stateless nation (a nation of people without a land to legally occupy) After WWI, Allies recommended a national state for them. After WWI, Allies recommended a national state for them. Iraq, Turkey and Syria have parts of their land occupied by Kurds Iraq, Turkey and Syria have parts of their land occupied by Kurds Kurds resisted control in all countries Kurds resisted control in all countries Governments forcibly moved thousands of Kurds in an attempt to control them Governments forcibly moved thousands of Kurds in an attempt to control them Iraq used deadly chemical weapons to try to make them move Iraq used deadly chemical weapons to try to make them move

95. Palestinian Refugees Palestinians Palestinians Arabs and their descendents who lived or still live in area formerly called Palestine were promised a homeland but Israel occupied some of these lands during 1948- 1949 war Arabs and their descendents who lived or still live in area formerly called Palestine were promised a homeland but Israel occupied some of these lands during 1948- 1949 war 52 camps for Arab Palestinians were established in Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria, the West Bank and The Garza Strip 52 camps for Arab Palestinians were established in Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria, the West Bank and The Garza Strip West bank- strip of land on the west side of the Jordan River West bank- strip of land on the west side of the Jordan River Gaza Strip – a territory along the Mediterranean Sea just northeast of the Sinai Peninsula Gaza Strip – a territory along the Mediterranean Sea just northeast of the Sinai Peninsula

96. Oil Wealth Fuels change Meeting the Global demand Meeting the Global demand Oil became a “strategic commodity” which is a resource so important that nations will go to war to ensure its steady supply Oil became a “strategic commodity” which is a resource so important that nations will go to war to ensure its steady supply 64% of world’s oil deposits and 34% or reserves are in this region 64% of world’s oil deposits and 34% or reserves are in this region Oil prices rise and fall unpredictably, so Middle Eastern countries cannot always plan how much revenue oil will bring in Oil prices rise and fall unpredictably, so Middle Eastern countries cannot always plan how much revenue oil will bring in

97. Using Oil Wealth to Diversify 3 challenges in the way they use oil profits 3 challenges in the way they use oil profits Modernizing infrastructure Modernizing infrastructure Build roads, irrigation networks, airports, ports, desalinization plants, and communication networks Build roads, irrigation networks, airports, ports, desalinization plants, and communication networks Develop Resources Develop Resources Agricultural Agricultural Minerals Minerals Water Water Human Resources Human Resources Develop peoples skills and talents Develop peoples skills and talents People need better education and job training People need better education and job training