1. Chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

2. Physical and Cognitive Develop- ment in Early Adulthood (1/2) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk I.Physical Development A.Senescence (biological aging) 1.DNA, tissues and organs 2.Endocrine, cardiovascular and respiratory systems 3.Motor control: loss of fast-twitch muscles B.Health and Fitness 1.Nutrition 2.Obesity 3.Exercise 4.Drug abuse 5.Sexuality

3. Physical and Cognitive Develop- ment in Early Adulthood (2/2) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk I.Cognitive Development A.Postformal Thought B.Perry: Epistemic thought, dualistic vs. relativistic thinking C.Labouvie-Vief’s Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive- Affective Complexity D.Expertise and Creativity (the 10 year rule) E.The College Experience F.Vocational Choice 1.Periods of vocational development 2.Factors affecting choice of vocation (personality, family and school influences, gender stereotypes)

4. Senescence  Influences  Genetic  Lifestyle  Environment (including prenatal nutrition)  Historical period (Average life expectancy has increased 25–30 years over past century)  Multidimensional and multidirectional Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

5. Theories of Biological Aging DNA-Cellular Level  Programmed effects of specific genes:  “aging genes”  telomere shortening  Random events:  mutations and cancer  free radicals Organ/Tissue Level  Cross-linkage theory  Gradual failure of endocrine system  Declines in immune system functioning Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

6. Telomeres  Prevent cancerous duplication errors  Lifestyle may shorten telomeres (smoking, stress, inactivity)  Telomerase enzyme may retard or reverse telomere shortening Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

7. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Changes  Heart:  few resting changes but reduced performance under stress, exercise  hypertension, atherosclerosis  disease declining due to better lifestyle  Lungs:  maximum vital capacity declines after age 25  stiffness makes breathing harder with age Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

8. Motor Performance in Adulthood  Athletic skills  peak from the early twenties to early thirties  decline gradually until sixties or seventies, then more rapidly  Continued training  slows loss  retains vital capacity, muscle, response speed Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Pete Saloutos/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

9. Aging and 10-km Running Time Figure 13.2 (From H. Tanaka & D. R. Seals, 2003, “Dynamic Exercise Performance in Masters Athletes: Insight into the Effects of Primary Human Aging on Physiological Functional Capacity,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 5, p. 2153. © The American Physiological Society (APS). All rights reserved. Adapted with permission.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

10. Immune System in Early Adulthood  Declines after age 20:  shrinking thymus: reduced maturity and differentiation of T cells  B cells rely on T cells to function Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Subbotina Anna/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Stress weakens immune response: What are the mental and physical sources of stress in young adults? Is their coping effective?

11. Reproductive Capacity  Increase in delayed childbearing  Fertility risks for women:  problems jump sharply at 35 – 44 years  reduced number, quality of ova  Fertility risks for men:  problems gradual, starting age 35  decreased sperm volume, motility  increased percentage abnormal sperm Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

12. Variations in Health  U.S. early adulthood death rates exceed other industrialized nations:  extreme obesity  gun-control policies  SES variations:  poverty  lack of universal health care  environmental factors: pollution, crowding, stressors, lack of social support Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Rommel Canlas/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

13. Leading Causes of Death in Early Adulthood Figure 13.3 (Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011b.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

14. Causes of Overweight and Obesity  Heredity  Ethnicity  Declining physical activity  Increase in calorie, sugar, and fat intake over last four decades  Basal metabolic rate declines with age Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

15. Consequences of Obesity  Health problems:  heart disease  diabetes  various forms of cancer  early death  Social discrimination:  finding mates  housing  education, careers  Mistreatment Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © pedalist/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

16. Treating Obesity  Lifestyle changes:  diet  exercise  Record-keeping:  food intake  body weight  Social support  Problem-solving skills  Extended intervention Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Flashon Studio/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

17. Dietary Fat  Saturated fat from meat and dairy  plays a role in breast and colon cancer and in heart disease  should account for 7% or less of daily calories  Replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat from fish, vegetables  Total fat should account for 30% or less of daily calories Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

18. Exercise  Over half of Americans are inactive:  more women than men  low SES:  less safe neighborhoods  less social support for exercising  Recommendations:  30 minutes per day of moderately intense physical exercise  increased intensity offers greater health protection Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

19. Benefits of Exercise  Reduces fat, builds muscle  Boosts immune system, resistance to disease  Cardiovascular benefits  Mental health benefits:  reduces anxiety, depression  enhances cognitive functioning, well-being  Longer life Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

20. Substance Use in Early Adulthood Peaks at 19 – 22 years, then declines:  up to 12% of men and 6% of women ages 19 – 25 are substance abusers  cigarettes, alcohol are most common  drugs:  marijuana  stimulants  prescription drugs  party drugs Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Edyta Pawlowska/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

21. Cigarette Smoking  About 19% of U.S. adults smoke cigarettes:  numbers slowly declining  fewer college graduates; more college students, high school dropouts  more men, but gender gap shrinking  Deadly health risks  Hard to quit: most treatment programs do not use effective strategies Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

22. Alcohol Abuse in Early Adulthood  10% of men, 3% of women are heavy drinkers  About one-third of heavy drinkers are alcoholics  Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism  Causes mental, physical problems  High costs to society  Treatment is difficult: half relapse in a few months Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Kamira /Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

23. Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior  Most have intercourse by age 25  Most sex in context of a relationship:  70% had only one partner in past year  partners similar to each other  Sex less frequent than media suggest:  only one-third twice a week or more  more often in twenties, declines with age  Most satisfied with their sex lives; only a minority report sexual problems Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

24. Homosexual Attitudes and Behavior  Public acceptance growing: majority say it’s “OK,” support civil liberties, job opportunities  Estimated 3.5% of U.S. population are homosexual or bisexual  Sexual behavior similar to that of heterosexuals  Tend to live in larger cities, college towns Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

25. Factors Related to Sexual Coercion Perpetrator CharacteristicsCultural Forces  Manipulative, remorseless  Approve of violence against women  Accept rape myths  Misinterpret social cues  Childhood sexual abuse  Sexual promiscuity  Alcoholism  Men taught to be dominant, competitive  Women taught to be submissive  Acceptance of violence  Dulled sensitivity due to media, pornography Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

26. Sexual Coercion  Physical injury  STDs  General ill health  Rape: 18 percent of U.S. women  Perpetrators’ personal characteristics and cultural forces are predictive  Immediate: shock, confusion, withdrawal  Long-term: fatigue, depression, substance abuse, social anxiety, suicidal thoughts Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Arlem Furman/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

27. Preventing and Treating Rape and Abuse  Community services:  underfunded  few for victimized men  Routine screening  Validation of experience  Safety planning Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Kenfotos/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

28. Psychological Stress  Related to  social conditions  traumatic experiences, life events  daily hassles  Caused or worsened by low SES  Associated with  overweight and obesity  diabetes  cardiovascular problems  decreased immunity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

29. Cognitive Changes in Early Adulthood  Piaget:  postformal thought  Perry:  epistemic cognition  Labouvie-Vief:  pragmatic thought  cognitive-affective complexity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

30. Piaget: Postformal thought  “Increasingly rational, flexible, and practical ways of thinking that accept uncertainties and vary across situations” p. 357  Unlike (mere) adolescent idealism and consistency.  Lifespan approach to cognition  New qualitatively distinct ways of thinking  Advanced knowledge in areas of specialization  Change and stability of components of IQ (Chapter 15) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

31. William Perry: Epistemic Cognition  Dualistic thinking vs. Relativistic thinking  Commitment within relativistic thinking  Contributing factors:  opportunities to tackle challenging ill-structured problems  peer interaction elicits metacognitive problem-solving Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

32. Gisella Labouvie-Vief: Pragmatic Thought  Adulthood brings  increased experience with real-world problems  new ways of thinking that thrive on contradiction and compromise  Increase in cognitive-affective complexity:  greater awareness of one’s own and others’ perspectives and motivations  open-minded appreciation of the conflicting values and motivations of self and others Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

33. Age-Related Changes in Cognitive-Affective Complexity Figure 13.4 (From G. Labouvie-Vief, 2003, “Dynamic Integration: Affect, Cognition, and the Self in Adulthood,” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, p. 203, copyright © 2003, Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

34. Expertise and Creativity  Expertise  acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field  takes many years  enhances information processing  Essential for creativity  move to problem finding  10-year rule for producing creative solutions  rise in creative productivity in early adulthood  requires multiple personal qualities Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

35. Expertise and Creativity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

36. The College Experience  Formative, influential “developmental testing ground”  Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, and demands fosters diverse cognitive capacities:  reasoning about ill-structured problems  broader attitudes and values  Depends on participation in campus life Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Kzenon/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

37. Dropping Out of College  U.S. dropout rates:  44% at two-year schools  32% at four-year schools  Personal factors:  preparation, motivation, skills  financial problems, low SES  Institutional factors:  few support services  Early support crucial © milosljubicic/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

38. Periods of Vocational Development  Fantasy period  Tentative period  Realistic period:  exploration  crystallization Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Goodluz/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

39. Factors Influencing Vocational Choice  Personality  Family influences:  parent–child vocational similarity  Teachers  Gender stereotypes:  gender-role conformity diminishing slowly Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © michaeljung/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

40. John Holland: Personality Types and Vocational Choice Personality typeVocational Choice Investigative  Scientist, engineer Social  Counselor, teacher Realistic  Construction worker, plumber Artistic  Writer, musician Conventional  Accountant, banker Enterprising  Supervisor, politician Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Many combinations and alternatives are possible. Other factors include family resources and responsibilities, gender

41. Percentage of Women in Various Professions in the United States, 1983 and 2011 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

42. Vocational Preparation of Non-College-Bound Young Adults  U.S. high school graduates poorly prepared for skilled occupations  Lack vocational placement, counseling services  Work – study apprenticeships can help:  European model programs  rare in the United States Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

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